Corporate Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corporate Planning - Essay Example The Approach: Building an alliance with the Business School, at university of Plymouth, the company sought a knowledge based partnership to identify strategic diversification opportunities for enhancing their service offerings, and reach. After extensive market study and audit of internal competencies, a three-year strategic business plan was formulated. Specific actions to double the presence of Pendennis staff in Boat Shows at Moscow and Dubai was taken. A new Marketing Information System (MkIS) to support the client relationship management was also implemented. The company also participated in Super Yacht tour of excellence in 2005, sponsored the Falmouth week, and built professional linkages with Cornwall Marine Network. The Background: HP is an old company which started in 1938 and was subsequently incorporated in 1947. In year 2000 (pre-merger with Compaq), HP reported a revenue of $48,253 millions, employee strength of 84,400, and was ranked 13th in Fortune 500 companies (http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2000/). Compaq around that time (in 1998) was in financial difficulties with 15000 layoffs (http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/layoffs). Some major problems ailing HP pre-merger were: (a) shrinking margins (b) slow in technology adaptation (c) needed strong complementary business lines. The Approach: The famous merger of technological giants (HP and Compaq) received worldwide accolades and criticism, but attention, nonetheless. The merger process went through many steps (Burgelman & McKinney, 2005): The Outcomes: Literature reveals varied viewpoints, from success to horror stories. Despite the criticism, HP used the $25 billion merger to address key operational concerns in an effort to better react to a fundamental shift in customer values. In the five years since merger, HP has more than doubled its shareholder

Business Plan Of The Safe Tissue Marketing Essay

Business Plan Of The Safe Tissue Marketing Essay Everybody these days look for security and sound path to diminish tiny viruses creates around us as the vast majority of us feel it because of the force and essence style that make us apprehensive and need to find clean against-bacterial latrine tissues. The Safe Tissue L.L.C is putting resources into tissues and figure mind items and concerning in regards to this issue. One of the examines in the growth and inspecting branch uncovered some substance that depending on, if it is incorporated in the tissue and let the individual uses them after latrine, it ensures clean and great fragrance after utilization in addition that it is reused and could be utilized as a part of paper industry. A study shows that 35% of youngsters visits to doctors facilities in Abu Dhabi were an explanation for why of microorganisms that is openly and even in private toilets, which sets back the all finances the guardians a considerable measure and make them being apprehensive and pushed. Numerous different explanations pushed The Safe Tissue to give careful consideration for that new finding that can the obligations that dont give us an opportunity to discover the time required, that is the reason the new feature can keep the power of the tissue as needed. That has a focused sum of the substance and particular material that will stay on the skin and blur inside 10 seconds after utilized and it could be made consistent with FDA consistency prerequisites for tissues. Mission: To become the leading safe healthy tissue producer in UAE Vision: To provide health by healthy tissue papers Company Overview: In January 2013 The Safe Tissue step into the market. The perspective of the company is to cater the locals. The companys product is frequently use and highly concern to health. The competitors of the company are mostly foreign brands. People are always conscious about health. The Safe Tissue provides healthy tissue with modern standard competing the all his competitors. Marketing Analysis Plan: Market Trends: In market the trend is of Healthy tissue papers. People prefer healthy and safe side for theirs selves. Branded names are commonly known for their name and secondly for their standard of health maintain for the customers. There are also a lot of types of tissue in the market such as facial tissue, toilet tissue. The Safe Tissue started work with toilet range Supply and Demand Factor: The demand and supply are two primary components that influence the working of any plan of action. The demand is the will and capacity of purchasers to buy a specific product, while supply is the capacity of the business to accommodate the interest of customers. (Scholasticus, 2013).To copes with modern era. Demand and supply factor are critically set according to the market trend. Purchasing Patterns: Two factors of business as explained above influence the purchasing pattern of the customers. Price is the main factor which plays a vital role in the purchasing pattern of the customer. Hence the The Safe Tissue Company set the price accordingly to purchasing patterns of their customer. Life patterns: Peoples always prefer health over anything in this world. The life patterns of local affected by the highly expensive daily use product. The Safe tissue changes the life pattern of locals by providing the cheap and healthy tissue papers. Factors influencing the target market. Targeting the market is the important key role of business plan. There are few factors that change the target the market. (Jeff, 2007) Geographic: In startup market, The Safe Tissue started business in Abu Dhabi and AL ain. To capture the whole UAE is the big task but not impossible. So focus is only at these two cities. Demographic: Demographic means the age levels and gender. Everyone use tissue for cleaning purpose. Kids and Mature peoples are more conscious about health as compared to youngster. Economic Factors: Economic conditions also change the target market. UAE has come out of the recession. Now the economic conditions of the country are well and good. Stabilize and good opportunity for investment point of view. Due to change in the economic conditions of the country the purchasing pattern of the changes. Interests of buying products are reduced from the customer side. Social Value: Social value is also core of target market. Preference to things change by the customer as by the time passed. The Safe tissue has considered this factor more preferable. Product Positioning: As newly started business The Safe tissue positioned themselves in most competing brands of the market. The Safe tissue manufactures high quality and healthy tissue in the market. Thing is to position their products in the heart of the customers, for that The Safe tissue has a devised advertisement plan and marketing plan to capture the heart of the locals and expats by providing health in cheaper price. Success factors: Success factors of The Safe tissue are health, cheaper and loyal with customers. Providing foreign standard healthy tissue in cheaper price can be the success factor for The Safe Tissue Barriers to entry: It is always difficult to enter in any market. Barriers are always there. The Safe Tissue also facing a lot of barriers. Barriers from government and competitors are always meant to be remove to get success Existing and emerging competitors: There are a lot of existing and emerging competitors in the market. For Example Kleenex, but Kleenex providing wide range of product. Also this is the foreign company. Locals producer of toiler papers are main competitors of The Safe Tissue. Management plan: Initially the company total numbers of employees are 25 peoples including directors and owners. Company having 5 Directors and consist of sales, accounts and marketing managers and rest of all are labor use for production and packing of the product. After 12 months, each manager gets assistant manager under him. After 24 Months Department of Human Resource introduce and implemented increasing the employees to 50. After 36 months each head of business has its team and supervisors. Product or Service Plan: Sales model: As per demands of product of product increasing the sales revenues also increases. The following sales model shows the sales made since company establishment in January 2013 and 2014 and onwards 2015. Table Sales Model 2014 2015 2016 Toilets Papers AED 2,750,060 AED 3,350,567 AED 4,670,678 Facial Tissue papers 2,770,768 3,768,344 Total Sales Revenue 2,750,060 6,121,335 8,439,022 Marketing messages: For marketing messages useful means of transferring the messages to our potential customer is used. Proper marketing research has been conducted to review the market properly Marketing and promotions tactics: The Safe Tissue implements the marketing mix to accomplish their valuable goals. It includes the Price Product: To live in this rapid market industry product should be differentiated to make the sale in the market. People want something different and valuable to them for purchasing product. The Safe tissue company has made this marketing mix by making product of high quality and according to modern standard. Place: Place where to sell your product is also the most important perspective of the company. Place is selected according to suppliers and market. Location of the business helps a lot in gaining more sales. Price: Price of the product has great influence over customers. The Safe Tissue price is reasonable and affordable by locals and middle level and low level of families. Hence this factor has the increase the market share of The Safe tissue in the market. Promotion: The promotion is the element of gaining the customer interest. Promotions are made according to price and market trend and customer buying behavior. Promotion creates awareness about the product and hence in results increase in sales. Strategy: Product Strategy: The Safe Tissue using the product strategy. Facial tissue which is for both facial and anti-bacterial tissue wipes use. This package has increased the sales. The two-in-one strategy is giving a competitive edge over his competitors (Srivastava Shubhra) Packaging Strategy: One more strategy which The Safe Tissue implemented is their packaging strategy; the single fold packing of tissue is really easy to carry in clothes. Also the health tips are also printed on the box of facial tissue pack. Also the wrapping of the plastic prevents the tissue from germs and bacteria (Abrams, 2003) Cost Strategy: The facial tissue packet of dual function has the valuable price. This strategy has offered the customers a golden opportunity to buy The Safe Tissue products. (Kogan, 2004) Distribution Strategy: Another effective strategy is distribution strategy. The location of the business is at main point where the access of the suppliers is feasible and convenient. The Safe Tissue company also have different distribution channels. (Haffor-Letchfield, 2011)Logistics management has efficiently working on this strategy Sales force structure: Sales force structure have significant place in business plan. There are three ways of structuring the sales forces. In house sales force means that the sales team of a company or second type of sales force structure is third party selling your product independently. Third type is sales force is middle way between pervious two strategies. The Safe tissue is using all three types but mainly their sales are depend on first type. The Safe Tissue company has competitive sale team. (A.Zoltners, Prabhakant, E.Loriner, 2006) Operating plan Research Development: The Safe tissue company has research and development department. This department has been started in 2013 after one year of business incorporation. The benefit of R D department is clear that sale entry of new product has increase the revenue of the company. Plant Equipments: New and branded machineries are imported from all over the world to produce the healthy tissue papers. The Safe Tissue has installed all its plants and equipment in the Free Zone area. Head office is situated in Abu Dhabi. Logistics: The Safe Tissue Company has its own logistics used for transporting the goods to market. Production Plans: Production plan is for targeting the niche in the market. They has their own staff and manufacturing unit with head office and site office. Operations: The Safe Tissue has SOPs for its manufacturing and production facility as prescribed by the ISO 9001:2008 and safety precautions are checked by the supervisors. The Safe Tissue company regulating all the legal requirements of the UAE. The Safe tissue further acquires more plant for manufacturing and packaging process. The production plan takes months to finalize the production line. Inventory Plan: Business fundamental stock might as well give a sensible collection of items and ought to be colossal enough to blanket the typical bargains mandates of your business. Depending on if youre a begin-up, you wont have real deals and stocking figures from past years to guide you, you should venture your first years deals dependent upon your business arrangement. Any time figuring fundamental stock, you should likewise figure in lead time-the time span between reordering and appropriating an item. For example, if your lead time is four weeks and a specific feature line pushes 10 units a week, then you should reorder when the fundamental stock level falls underneath 40 units. (Entreprenuer, 2006) Provided that you dont reorder until you really require the stock, youll need to hold up four weeks without the item. Inadequate stock denotes lost deals and excessive, drawn out delay purchases. Using up crude materials or parts that are essential to your handling technique denotes expanded working expenses, as well. Your representatives could be getting paid to sit around on the grounds that theres no work for them to do; when the stock does go in, theyll be paid for working extra time to make up for lost creation time. Avoiding Excess inventory: The Safe tissue company avoiding excess inventory as the inventory control system is up to date on regular basis. Information systems: IT is the key source of every business. In this modern era where everything is happening on computers shows the importance of Information Systems. The Safe Tissue has perpetual inventory system. Technical and efficient information technology team has leaded the company to a huge sale and moreover the functions of the company are implemented quickly. Milestones: In short Term goals, the safe Tissue wanted to be known by their health care about their customer. Medium term goal is to keep trying new and innovative ideas to compete their competitors. Long terms goals are to invent new product regarding tissue and new innovation about their products. To capture the whole GCC; the safe Tissue have to increase their plants and equipment to produce more capacity. Exit Plans: The total assets of the company are enough to sell and clear all debts. The Safe Tissue has valuable exit plan. In case of liquidation, all the assets are sold to clear all the liabilities Financial Plan: Table The Safe Tissue Cash Flow Forecast The Safe tissue Cash Flow Statement Cash Flows 2013 2014 2015 2016 AED AED AED AED Opening Cash Balance 700,000 RECEIPTS Cash Received from Sales 3,750,060 6,121,335 8,439,022 Loan Proceeds 15,000,000 TOTAL RECEIPTS 15,700,000 3,750,060 6,121,335 8,439,022 DISBURSEMENTS Machinery and equipment 13,000,000 Accounts Payable 0 0 0 0 Raw Materials 400,000 0 0 0 Supplies 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Utilities 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Advertising Promo 0 187,503 306,067 421,951 Maintenance Repairs 40,000 40,000 40,000 Wages Salaries 500,000 500,000 500,000 Taxes 0 0 0 0 Loan Repayment 0 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 Professional/Legal Fees 50,000 50,000 50,000 Total Disbursements 13,530,000 3,157,503 3,276,067 3,391,951 Surplus Deficit 2,170,000 592,557 2,845,268 5,047,071 Notes and Assumptions: The Owner of The Safe Tissue owned manufacturing facility The surplus in 2013 of 2,170,000 Dirhams is the capital reserved for the teams and R D department The cash inflow starts from 2014 The loan taken is 15 million and has to pay back 4 years The interest is 15 % at loan

Life Death And Continuous Chan :: essays research papers

Life, Death, and Continuous Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Three themes prevalent in Terry Wolverton’s Mystery Bruise) What is this that takes the immoral, the wicked, and the weak? What is this that takes the righteous and the strong. We have referred to it as our end, departure, extinction, impending doom, eternal rest, last sleep, and most certainly our final summons -at least, as far as known life is concerned-. The Bible has named it, â€Å"the latter end†. Shakespeare has called it â€Å"the journey’s end† and â€Å"a knell that summons thee to heaven or hell†. The dark side, as Pink Floyd relates to it, is a prevailing aspect of our lives. No matter how one refers to death, three things are certain: First, it is inevitable. Second, it will happen to everyone. Third, it needs life to occur and yet is in opposition to it. Because of death holding it’s shadow to the divine spark of life, it is obvious that whenever a person talks of death they invariably talk of life. True to this statement are Terry Wolverton’s poems in Mystery Bruise. Her poems embrace aspects of life as she sees it and almost all of these â€Å"dancing insights† mention death. In addition to death running hand and hand with life is the concept of continuous change. Wolverton mentions change and human’s inability to accept it. I believe that living beings are weary of change because like death it requires entrance into a land of uncertainty. The poem â€Å"We Resist Evolution† approaches this ideology of change. Wolverton opens the poem by stating that every living thing resists evolution. She writes about the cell that refuses to split, â€Å"the shapeless blind-eyed swimmers who did not long to crawl or breathe†, and her metamorphosis in a woman-like body. The changes/evolutions depicted in this poem all deal with death and life as well. It’s obvious that she mentions living things and their metamorphosis’ but maybe not so obvious is the inherent fact that with every metamorphosis a death occurs-that is the death of the old to make the new. Midway through the piece Terry Wolverton addresses the reluctance of the dinosaur to it’s demise. She also mentions our denial of death and the ironic acceptance of our life in it’s clammy hands, saying that â€Å"Even at the moment of death we back away, tread air against the light that beckons, clutch at our particular plot of dust†.

Economics IA Commentary Coversheet Essay

November 11 2009 – The unemployment rate stands at 7.8% – up 0.1% over the quarter and 2.0% on last year. Nearly 29 million people were in work in the period July to September according to the labour force survey (LFS). The number of people employed was up by 6,000 this quarter but down by 490,000 on the last year. The working age employment rate is 72.5% – down 0.1% on the last quarter and down 1.9% on the last year. ILO-defined unemployment in July to September was 2.46 million (7.9%) – up by 30,000 unemployed on April-June and 629,000 from this time last year. The claimant count for key out-of-work benefits was 1.6395 million in October – up by 22,900 on last month, and up 632,700 on last year. Earnings growth over the year to August (including bonuses) was 1.6%, down 0.2% from the previous month. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Yvette Cooper said: â€Å"The figures show more people in work and a lot more young people taking up our offer of full time education and training, which is welcome news. â€Å"The fact that unemployment is significantly lower than everyone forecast at the beginning of the year shows the support for the economy is making a real difference. But we know things are still tough for a lot of families, and unemployment is expected to increase further next year. That’s why we’re determined to do more with an extra 35,000 youth jobs, more apprenticeships and education places so we can guarantee no young person gets stuck in long term unemployment.† The figures out today also reinforce the fact that the UK labour market is performing better than most major economies. They show UK unemployment at 7.8%, compared to an EU average of 9.2% and lower than 14 other EU countries including France (10.0%), Ireland (13.0%) and Spain (19.3%), as well as the US (10.2%) and Canada (8.6%).† Commenting on the latest statistics, John Philpott, Chief Economist and Director of Public Policy at the CIPD, said: â€Å"UK unemployment is continuing to rise but at a much slower pace than earlier in the year. While this is not unexpected the fact that the unemployment total remained below 2.5 million in the quarter ending in September is encouraging. However, the relative improvement should not be interpreted as evidence that the labour market is returning to health, with male unemployment and long-term unemployment continuing to rise and youth unemployment now at a record rate despite a surge in the number of young people staying on in education to avoid the dole. â€Å"Unemployment remained below 2.5 million in the three months to September primarily because there was a rise in part-time employment, temporary employment and contract working, the latter boosting self-employment. This more than offset a continued marked deterioration in full-time jobs for employees. Such a pattern is common in a labour market where overall demand for staff is weak and – as the Bank of England reiterated today in its latest quarterly Inflation Report – the economic outlook uncertain, with the road to recovery likely to be slow. At such times employers who need to recruit remain wary of hiring full-time staff and it is significant that today’s ONS figures do not show an improvement in the level of job vacancies. This pattern is also normally accompanied by a high rate of involuntary part-time working – there are now almost 1 million people working part-time because they can’t find a full-time job. â€Å"Women continue to be the main beneficiaries of a labour market where opportunities for part-time employment are increasing, while men lose out as full-time jobs are being lost. As a result the CIPD expects the rate of male unemployment to rise well above 10% in 2010, with the proportion of men in work set to fall to a record low. â€Å"The current pattern of demand for labour is also doing nothing to ease the plight of young people. The latest quarter saw a further large fall in the number of under-25s in work, with the unemployment rate for 18-24 year olds now at a record high. There is little consolation in the fact that the number of unemployed young people remained below 1 million. This is explained by a quarterly surge in the number of young people classed as ‘economically inactive’, which the ONS figures indicate is mainly due to more young people staying on at school or college, almost certainly as an alternative to the dole.† This article deals with unemployment in the UK. A person can be considered unemployed when he is involuntarily out of work, however is willing to work at current wage rates. One of the government’s main goals is to achieve full employment, where all people who are able and willing, are working. This is extremely beneficial for the economy because it can be considered working at maximum efficiency, which causes growth and development. A good way to illustrate a countries economy taking into account unemployment would be to use a PPF. The production possibility frontier is the orange line where the economy is working at full efficiency (full employment), using all of its resources. Point X is when the economy is not using all of its resources, and has people unemployed. http://i.investopedia.com/inv/dictionary/terms/ppf.gif Structural unemployment is a possible reason for the large decrease of workers. This specific type of unemployment focuses mainly on the loss of jobs under the condition that the demand for a certain product falls, or there is a shift of production abroad. In the category of disequilibrium unemployment, Demand deficient (Cyclical) Unemployment is most likely the number one cause for the UK’s labour force being downsized. Due to the global recession, consumers can afford less goods and services, therefore the aggregate demand decreases significantly (hence the name – demand deficient). If the demand for production has substantially fallen, then naturally the demand for labour will also fall. Demand deficient unemployment can be illustrated using a diagram. Due to the fall in the D of goods and services, demand for labour shifts inwards from D1 to D2. With this, disequilibrium unemployment occurs with the number of workers shifting from Q1 to Q2. When demand for labour is strong, companies don’t hesitate to rise wages, although when demand for labour falls, and wages need to be cut, workers will resist wage cuts, therefore it is very hard for the company to cut wages for a large amount of workers without causing some kind disturbance or complications within the firm. If the company does chose to do this, the labour force will become angry and will want to retaliate somehow, perhaps going on strike. Due to a situation like this, parts of the company will not be producing/working, resulting in inefficiency. Aside from that, it will be very hectic, attracting negative attention from consumers and media, which is of course the company’s last need. In conclusion, the company will not be in control, when this is in fact their main priority, to sustain the stability and optimal working functionality. That is why the company prefers to downsize workers, and keep themselves running as best and as efficiently as possible. In order to deal with demand deficient unemployment the government should impose fiscalor monetary policies to raise aggregate demand and thus raise the demand for jobs. In the short run, when the AD shifts to the right (from AD1 to AD2) this causes and increase in real GDP (shift from Q1 to Q2 and P1 to P2). If AD would continue to grow in the short run, the country would reach a maximum supply. This constant struggle for the country to meet AD by increasing output would cause inflation instead of growth. However if the pressure is relatively small in the SR (short run) then it would be much easier to deal with AD in the LR. Supply side policies are government policies designed to increase output, and should also be imposed in order to cope with unemployment. Using a LRAS (long run aggregate supply) diagram is a good way to show the effects of supply side policies. If the Government were to impose supply side policies, the LRAS curve would shift right from LRAS1 – LRAS2. The price would then fall from P1 to P2 and the quantity (output + jobs) would increase from Q1 to Q2. Conclusivley the Government should investigate the best strategy to decrease unemployment. By imposing appropriate regulations and policies.

Conflicts in the work of teams are inevitable since

Conflicts in the work of teams are inevitable since team members will undoubtedly find themselves in contradiction over the nature of work and ways it can be done in the best possible way. In teams involving members with culturally diverse backgrounds, the challenge of conflict management will be even greater.These people will rely on â€Å"different conflict norms, different conflict styles, and different conflict rhythms† (Ting-Toomey, 1999). Therefore, the training program for cross-cultural supervisors has to involve issues related to cross-cultural management and its relationship to conflicts. The consideration of the following two cases can be a useful guide to managing cross-cultural conflict in organizational teamwork.Situation 1This situation arose in a team that included a Chinese, three Americans, and an Indian employee. The five worked pretty comfortably together until a certain point. However, it was soon found out that one of the Americans regularly involved in p reparing reports for the Chinese man was not happy with his obligations. It turned out that the Chinese man expected him to do more than was accepted in other departments in preparation of similar reports.The Chinese naturally relied on the American to do it because they were friends. However, Jon (the American employee) was soon tired of doing extra work for someone without getting recognition for the project. At first he tried to be nice, but soon rebelled, which resulted in a nasty scene between the two.In this case, the conflict was the result of both cultural and personal differences. Both were unprepared to handle similar situations and perhaps uncertain of their exact responsibilities in the project.The Chinese employee, coming from a highly collectivist culture, expected friends to help even if it meant serious effort investment on his side. The American, on his part, was bound by the cultural notion that one has to be nice and helpful in professional surroundings. The typic al response of an open US business culture would be to vent unwillingness right away. Jon, because of his personal character, did not share his feelings only to rebel later on.In this case, the team leader solved the problem in a ‘global’ way. He realized that part of the problem was the loose definition of boundaries between employees’ respective responsibilities, which caused confusion. So, all five team members took time to sort out their duties in an effective way.The team leader also proposed a strategy for handling conflict, suggesting that issues be brought up immediately and discussed in the open. To stress this effort, he proposed to organize a team get-together every Friday night where he encouraged employees to confront each other with problematic issues in a friendly atmosphere. This communication strategy seems effective as long as employees are enthusiastic about the initiative.Situation 2The second situation involved a Native American employee in a team supervised by a Western European manager. The problems started right from the time when the team was put together. The Native American employee, aged 32, came from an impoverished reservation background, and learned his computing skills after moving to the city at the age of 23. Being naturally smart, he soon became an expert in his field.However, he had a distinct problem with time management: never submitted reports on time, tended to complete assignments in a haphazard manner, and in general worked in the â€Å"fits and starts† mode. This served him well in an IT company where he was previously employed. However, the new project manager of mixed Dutch-German origin was not at all pleased with the new employee.The source of the conflict was a distinctly different understanding of time by European and Native American culture (LeBaron, 2003). Time was less important in the understanding of the Native American employee. It was a continuum involving past and present and s tretching into the future, rather than the dominant present with its strict deadlines and pressures. Another contributing factor was the European manager’s lack of intercultural experience.He had hardly ever worked abroad before the assignment and certainly never dealt with indigenous cultures. Added to the ethnic culture clash was the conflict of cultures supported by different industries. IT companies are known for their relaxed employee attitudes, while manufacturing to which the IT specialist transferred is less relaxed.

Deadly Tubercolosis Essays

Deadly Tubercolosis Essays Deadly Tubercolosis Paper Deadly Tubercolosis Paper Despite predictions earlier this century that infectious diseases would soon be eliminated as a public health problem (Burnet, 1963), infectious diseases remain a leading cause of illness and death in the United States. The incidence of tuberculosis, which was presumably under control has increased in several urban areas throughout the country. Furthermore, control and prevention of the disease have been undermined by drug resistance as well as lack of federal funding. The homeless population is of particular concern as they are often immunocompromised, underserved, and disenfranchised from the traditional medical system. As a result, tuberculosis is most prevalent in cities among homeless individuals and has suffered from a twenty percent increase since 1985 (Bloom, 1995). Combined with the HIV epidemic and increased intravenous drug use, tuberculosis has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among homeless populations as a reemerging killer. Currently, a combination of five primary drugs are used for chemoprophylaxis, as drug resistant bacteria have made single drug treatments obsolete. However, social and residential instability in homeless persons are a major obstacle in completion of the drug treatment. The most effective plan to ensure administration of medication is the use of Directly Observed Therapy, which calls for health care workers and volunteers to visit patients at shelters to visually confirm administration. DOT not only prevents the transmission of tuberculosis, but also combats the spread of multi-drug resistant strains of the bacteria. In studies done is several cities, DOT has been shown increase the number of completed regimens by over forty percent (Iseman, 1993). Nonetheless, despite DOT’s success, federal funding for such programs remains grossly inadequate. As a result, there has been widespread change and expansion of health policies in many major cities. Investigations into the policies of three major U. S. cities (New York, San Francisco, Chicago ) have presented the current state of tuberculosis treatment amongst the homeless. Information about the disease and its epidemiology was first obtained through articles found in the library. The general history of public health policy against the disease was then also researched in published articles found in the library and on the internet. The current programs in each respective city were then researched by accessing the city’s department of public health homepages on the internet and by calling faculty in the departments for specific information. The results of the research into the policies of the cities is as follows. New York is hardest hit by the reemergence of the disease, and suffers four times as many cases as other major cities. Due to the sheer size of the homeless population, the New York City Department of Health has issued a â€Å"Comissioner’s Order for Directly Observed Therapy† (CODOT) to ensure the expansion of the treatment in highly infectious areas such as homeless shelters. As a last resort, patients may even be detained until an adequate course of treatment is completed. An additional organization has been created: The Education and Training Unit. Conceived by the Bureau of tuberculosis control, health care providers perform â€Å"grand rounds†, visiting the many shelters throughout the city to diagnose potential cases and educate the homeless and shelter staff members. The city’s health department may also be noted for its extensive use of formerly homeless volunteers to execute policies. Although San Francisco’s population is much smaller than other major cities, it has the fifth highest tuberculosis rate in the country. The city’s Health Care for the Homeless program has extended PPD skin testing in homeless shelters and food lines. In addition, to increase patient compliance, patients under the DOT program receive transportation vouchers and food which act as incentives to complete the therapy. In 1992, Health Care for the Homeless instituted a respite program in several shelters where homeless persons with tuberculosis were allowed to rest and recuperate while medications were monitored. The health policy of Chicago against tuberculosis serves as the paradigm for effective eradication of the disease within a city. The disease has reached an all time low in 1996, due mostly to the city’s aggressive implementation of DOT. Backed by the CDC, DOT was made the standard for all tuberculosis cases encountered in the homeless population in 1993. Officials estimate that it has prevented over 550 cases, saving 7. 5 million dollars in hospital costs. The Metropolitan Chicago TB Coalition was also founded to help mobilize public and private resources to control the disease. The project brought forth an indepth look at the current policies of some major U. S. cities against tuberculosis, and exposed some general trends therein. It is clear that DOT is the only effective way to prevent transmission of the disease as well as the development of multi-drug resistant strains of the bacteria. Moreover, federal funding for these programs seems to be lacking, which has led some cities to create their own funding organizations. Tuberculosis has begun to be recognized as an epidemic among homeless populations, and projects such as this have helped to alert the public health community to this disease. There a few clearly needed improvements in public health policy against tuberculosis. Firstly, an increase in federal funding is imperative to the extension of DOT therapy. In addition, there is a great need for increased man-power in the homeless areas, and a need for more education amongst the homeless and their providers. Additional projects could explore specific aspects of public health policy such as the acquisition and allocation of funding, or the development of educational programs in the community and their actual effectiveness in preventing the spread of the disease. Upon completing the project, we have found that the deliverance of health care to the homeless is less about management and planning than logistics. The ability to provide treatment.

Inequality in the Workplace essays

Inequality in the Workplace essays Is it fair that men make more money than women do, even though they both have the same qualifications? Is it fair that women are less likely than men to get promoted are? Is it fair that women start at lower positions in the work place than men do? Discrimination in the work place is hindering gender relations in todays modern society. Women are getting fed up with always being treated unfairly by the employers. They feel that employers should base their decision on who can do the better job, not who is the male and who is the female. Hiring, promotion, and salaries are the three main factors that separate the men from the women in the work place. In hiring, men are much more likely to get a job than women are. Although in the last 10 to 15 years, women have gradually closed the gaps. In 1974, 14 to 25% of women earned bachelor degrees in computer and mathematical science. While in 1989, the women that earned the same degrees were 33 to 37% of the graduates. (Frenkel, 1990) Now, because the percentage of bachelor degrees has increased during that period, you would think that the hiring increase would be the same. Well, the hiring of women has only increased about 5%. So, are employers really looking for who gets hired with what degree or is it irrelevant? I feel that for the most part, employers do look at the accomplishments of a future employee, regardless of gender. In the past, that might have been different, but today, an employer would hire a more highly skilled women worker, than an average male worker. I think employers have a sort of obligation to hire the women. The companies sometimes feel that if they dont hire enough women, a discrimination suit could arise and that would hurt not only the company financially, but their reputation as well. In almost every industry, women occupy a very small proportion of the higher-level positions. For example, a 1988 study found that only three CEOs among...

10 Traits That Will Kill Your Career

10 Traits That Will Kill Your Career You know the basic rules: don’t lie or cheat or embezzle from the company. But there are a few character flaws and personal patterns or habits that could also seriously hinder your progress- and even kill your career. Most people don’t even realize they’re doing themselves or their careers harm until it’s far too late. And most careers aren’t impacted by one big mistake or one cringeworthy comment. It happens little by little, in ways you might not expect. So keep an eye out for these subtle traits and traps that could already be bringing you down.1. NarcissismIf you’re just thinking about yourself and how you can succeed, that’s self-absorption in the highest. You’ll go farther in your career if you consider how to help the company get ahead- and the company is made of people. It’s not all about you. Focus on being a better team player. In a rising tide, all boats rise.2. DishonestyIt doesn’t have to be one big wh opper to count as lying. In fact, it’s often the smaller fibs around the edges that create a pattern making for a person a boss would likely write off as â€Å"dishonest.† Cultivate honesty as a virtue and a character trait. Be tactful, but not obsequious. Have the courage to accept responsibility when things are your fault. And keep your mouth shut- don’t spread rumors about your coworkers or friends.3.  Making False PromisesYou either over-promise or under-deliver, but either way, you’re falling short of expectations and failing to do what you said you’d accomplish. Set reasonable, achievable goals for yourself. Make promises only that you’re certain you can keep. That way, if you get more done faster, you can give your boss a pleasant surprise instead of having to underperform.4. ComplacencyOtherwise known as: laziness. When was the last time you learned a new skill or took a refresher or other training course? When was the last time yo u certified yourself in something new? Or really dug into industry research to keep yourself on the cutting edge? If you don’t grow, you won’t be challenged and you won’t change. And you’ll never get ahead.5. PessimismNobody likes a Debbie Downer. If you find yourself focusing more on the negative side of everything, don’t be surprised when no one wants to work with you- and your boss doesn’t particularly want to see you succeed.6. ApathyEven worse than being negative or pessimistic is being apathetic. If you can’t bring yourself to care one way or the other, how can you expect anyone to trust you or want to work with you? Even if you hate your job, give it your best and move on. Otherwise you’ll be stuck, you’ll get a bad reputation, and you’ll never get ahead.7. Fear of changeKeep your eye on the prize, the big picture. Weigh your daily and monthly priorities against your long-term goals. And don’t be afr aid of changes in your company or industry. Learn to be adaptable. Roll with the tides. Don’t ever hear yourself saying, â€Å"But we’ve always done it this way.† Learn to grow and adapt as things progress- and keep your biggest dreams in the back of your mind at all times. Be flexible. Embrace the ever-changing nature of the working world.8. EgoYou get a little success, it goes to your head, and all of a sudden you’re the star of every show. You’re arrogant. Full of yourself. Cocky. You’re doing nothing but setting yourself up for a rather painful failure.9. InsecurityWhether this manifests as meekness, arrogance, envy, pessimism, oversensitivity†¦ it doesn’t matter. Do what you have to do to be more confident in your own abilities and career position. Go to therapy. This trait makes a negative impact across all areas of your life- not just your job. And it’s not a good enough excuse for the behavior it tends to cause.10. Sucking upNobody likes a brown-noser. You’re not showing real respect or building a relationship; you’re a big phony going about things the underhanded way. Earn your boss’s respect the honest way. Prove your merit. Help your team. Show don’t tell.Once you’ve got all of this down,  the next step is to make sure you don’t let any of your biases impact your decisions. In order to effectively develop your career, it’s important to admit you have biases and learn to correct them. The more objective you are, the better your decisions will be.

Zambia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zambia - Essay Example The authors provide refreshing ideas on how Zambian wealth could be enhanced through formulation of better policies on environment in a country that heavily relies on copper mining for its economic mainstay. The authors acknowledge that development of Zambian economy mainly relies on â€Å"prudent environmental management†. To ensure the preservation of wealth in the country, Aongola et al emphasize on the need of promoting â€Å"sustainable development† in all sectors of Zambian economy. The authors refer extensively to previous research on Zambian economy and resources. This article provided me with a wider perspective of Zambian natural resources and social, political impediments that causes unsustainable utilization of resources. 2. Campbell, et al. Miombo woodlands: Opportunities and barriers to sustainable forests management. 2007. 2 June 2011. Retrieved from http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/miombo/docs/Campbell_BarriersandOpportunities.pdf The authors are natural resou rces experts, with many years of teaching experience in Universities across southern Africa. This article focuses on the Miombo Woodland, extensive tropical and seasonal woodland that covers an approximately 2.7 million Km2 across seven southern African countries including Zambia. The authors provide an overview of the critical role that Miombo woodland play in maintaining livelihoods of about 100 million inhabitants in southern Africa. The authors note, â€Å"high poverty levels in these countries have resulted to overexploitation of the woodland, a situation that threatens the ecological balance in Zambia†. This article provides an important contribution to this paper by highlighting the importance of Miombo woodland resources in mitigating poverty in Zambia and other southern African states. 3. Dorothy, F. A review of economic, governance and natural resource policy reform in southern Africa, with special reference to the case of Zambia. 11 Oct 2004. 1 June 2011. Retrieved from http://www.infra.kth.se/courses/1H1142/Furberg_EconChange.pdf This article focuses on the economic, governance and natural resources policies in Zambia. The author identifies lack of equitable and sustainable economic development as the main challenges that undermine social, political and economic development in Zambia. The author attributes the current environmental and economic problems in Zambia to previous political regimes in the country that instigated â€Å"poor political systems and environmental policies in the country†. The article provides a refreshing historical overview of Zambian political evolution and how it has influenced exploitation of natural resources in the country to date. 4. Jumbe, et al. Contributions of the Dry Forests to Rural Livelihoods and the National Economy in Zambia. 2007. 2 June 2011. Retrieved from http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/miombo/docs/ZambiaNationalCaseStudy.pdf The authors have critically evaluated the role of dry forests in enhanc ing economy of Zambia especially in the rural regions. According to the authors, dry forests in Zambia are important sources of wood, firewood, honey, wild fruits, traditional medicine, agriculture and an important source of income among the rural residents. This article is refreshing because it focuses on forest, an important non- mining resource in the Zambian economy. 5. MTENR. National Policy on Environment: Zambia. May 2005. 1 June 2011. www.mtenr.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc The article is the policy document of the Zambian government on the environment and it highlights the strategic goals of development through utilization of natural resources. The government ministries, including tourism, environment and natural resou

In report format, prepare a Marketing Mix for the product or service Essay

In report format, prepare a Marketing Mix for the product or service on which you based assignment one. The Marketing Mix you de - Essay Example This research will be divided into sections each explaining how the case product has been placed for marketing. Product segmentation, targeting and position The term segmentation basically implies that there is grouping of potential buyers and customers in different categories (Masterson & Pickton, 2010; 88). By segmentation it will enable the Dell Company to actually place the potential buyers into different groups and therefore each group will perceive maximum value of the laptop differently from the others. In my segmentation of the Dell Laptop we can have for example three categories that will be the target market of the Dell products. The first group will be under homogeneity meaning that the particular segment the group will be having the same common needs when it comes to the Dell laptop. Under this group the Dell laptop that the group needs will be the basic ones with medium capacity hard disk, wide screen, long lasting battery and user friendly navigation on the laptop and o n top of all these features, the laptop will be relatively cheaper. The second group we can refer to them as the distinction group, under this group it can be made up of the higher end market of the consumers so that they are unique group of people as compared to the other members and potential buyers. Case in point will be the business fraternity and the upper class therefore for the Dell Company, the laptop in this range will be high end in terms of the needs for instance the business market would want a very fast laptop filled with more business features. With all these features the general outlook of the Dell laptop will have to be above par with the finishing being custom made in order to suit the potential consumer needs (Richter, 2012;44). The last group will be mainly be classified under the reaction group, this means that the target customers under this segment will consist of the buyers who have a similar response to a product in the market. The target will mostly consist of the youths who are mostly technologically savvy and would love to own the latest gadgets which include laptops and this is where the Dell laptop will come into focus as a gadget that the youths will fall in love with. Therefore the price will be worth the features that will be on the laptop (Mcdonald, 2007; 121). The main impact of all this will be to ensure that every potential buyer has been catered. Marketing mix and its relation to the target consumers can be summed up with the diagram below: Product Consideration With the Dell laptop, it is expected for the laptop to embrace all characteristics of service performance meant to create importance and value to the laptop itself and therefore enable it to sell to the potential buyers (Mcloughlin, & Aaker, 2010;67). It is expected by each design that the Dell laptop has will be a key factor to the key needs of the buyers. The technology in place of the Dell laptop will be expected to be of high end and furthermore very useful to t he consumers who will be using the product (Dibb, & Simkin, 1999; 78). The design should be made with the mindset that the significance of the Dell laptop will come from the usefulness it has to the potential buyers. Furthermore the Dell laptop will come with value added services and this will include warranties to ensure that the laptop can last the given time period and with the warranty the potential

Importance of Communication to Criminal Justice Professionals Essay - 1

Importance of Communication to Criminal Justice Professionals - Essay Example Barriers to effective communication as well as probable solutions have also been identified. Communication can either be verbal or nonverbal. Verbal communication uses the spoken language to convey a particular message. It can be used to respond to verbal or nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication does not involve speaking. Rather, it employs the use of signs and gestures to convey information. It involves extensive use of the body organs in communication. There are various components of communication. These include; the source of information, the message or the information itself, the method or the channel through which the information will reach the recipient, the recipient as well as the feed back of the information. All these are significant in the communication between professionals in the criminal justice and also between them and their clients. In order for accused persons to be judged of a certain crime, the professionals need to analyze and evaluate the in formation provided by the accused or the aggrieved. Effective communication becomes essential in order for the parties involved to understand the matters and make an informed decision. The process of communication is vital in the criminal justice. It should present all the involved parties with a chance to put forward complaints or defense regarding particular cases. Professionals in criminal justice should offer assistance depending on the information provided by the victim. Sharing of information is important in order for each and every player to understand his or her role in the process. The process involves sharing information from one level to another (Casey 2000). The components of communication are significant in this process since the judge highly depends on them to make the evaluation. The prosecutor presents his/her information against the accused who is also supposed to be effective in communicating in defense. The second most important component is the message or

Group field work report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Group field work report - Essay Example It is aggravated by shortage of entry points into the city and roundabouts. Currently, Parramatta is going through a development program that will focus mainly on transport within the area to encourage economic growth. The city council resurfaces roads, installs traffic lights and takes measures to enhance usability of the roads by motorists. In addition, it is putting up new footpaths and paid parking meters. not fully aware of the traffic rules and various road signs. Motorists, who over speed under the influence of alcohol or drugs, ignore safety measures results into accidents. Children usually get excited when they are on roads. The motorists have to limit their speed in the school zones, drive ways and car parks. Drive ways and car parks pose a bigger risk to children because the vehicles move slowly which they may misinterpret thinking the vehicle has stopped or they may start motion without children noticing or the driver noticing the children (Kids and Traffic 2010). According to Preston (2010), bicycles, scooters, rollerblades and skateboards are popular with children who use them for playing. The parents should advise them to use proper safety gear. These play wheels should be used within adult supervision preferably in parks away from active traffic or on safe routes prescribed by the City Council. Recent statistics show that road crashes are the biggest killer of school going children: a fact that is quite frightening (Kids Safety 2010). When children are travelling by bus, it is essential to fit and maintain child restraints. According to the new laws implemented by the RTA, all children under the age of four should travel in the rear seat while children between the ages of four and seven can only travel in the front seat if all the rear seats are occupied by younger children. Children Road Safety (2010) is of the opinion that restraints are

Economy and Telecommunication Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economy and Telecommunication Networks - Essay Example TDF has its disadvantages too in that division of labour leads to greater interdependency thus developed countries like the US allow and favor free flow of information to ensure management and coordination of other countries (Kamalipour, 2007). Therefore, TDF leads to developed countries controling the developing countries because of heir overreliability to their countries. Secondly according to Sawhney, ‘industrielaizedcountries take a disappropiate share of the additional wealth produced by specialization and leave the ordinary workers poorly compensated for their contribution’ (Sawhney, 1998). Lastly, TDF also leadsds to developed countries using it as a means to challenge local authority in third world countries. The most interesting issue in this book is the division of labour. This is issue is most interseting because in my view, this is where it all began. This is root cause of telecomunications data flow and other technologies. It is amazing how in the past business people could achieve produciton succesfully while using all locally available raw materials and complete a product from scratches. It is also pitiable that products that could be easily transported were only light high value goods like silk, which furthermore could only be afforded by the rich. Indeed division of labour has changed the world in that common people can affrod foreign producst . Moreover, division of labour has increased production rate, and enhanced specialization which has further led to quality due to experience, while also cutting on

Protecting Freedom Of Expression on the Campus Essay

Protecting Freedom Of Expression on the Campus - Essay Example The author cites the recent wave of unrest t Harvard University. It is reported that a group of students were upset when their colleagues hoisted Confederate flags in public, while in protest, another student displayed a swastika. Debate concerning how best to deal with such incidents broke out. While some people consider the exhibition of such symbols as a way of exercising their freedom of expression, others hold that such actions should be restricted because they create rivalries between communities. According to the First Amendment, the display of such symbols is a form of expression and cannot be restricted, simply because it upsets a majority of people. Accordingly, people facing sucha situation should find a way of resolving the problem amicably. In the author’s view, it is only through dialogue that such acts can be resolved. According to Bok, just as officials at Harvard have held talks with students to educate them on the need for mutual respect, other agencies facing such problems should do the same (52). It is easier to resolve such issues of ethnic intolerance with dialogue; rather than restrictions. The use of restrictions would lead to public outcry, resulting in more problems. American universities should cultivate a culture of respect for our collective ideals, while respecting the freedom of

Economy and Telecommunication Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economy and Telecommunication Networks - Essay Example TDF has its disadvantages too in that division of labour leads to greater interdependency thus developed countries like the US allow and favor free flow of information to ensure management and coordination of other countries (Kamalipour, 2007). Therefore, TDF leads to developed countries controling the developing countries because of heir overreliability to their countries. Secondly according to Sawhney, ‘industrielaizedcountries take a disappropiate share of the additional wealth produced by specialization and leave the ordinary workers poorly compensated for their contribution’ (Sawhney, 1998). Lastly, TDF also leadsds to developed countries using it as a means to challenge local authority in third world countries. The most interesting issue in this book is the division of labour. This is issue is most interseting because in my view, this is where it all began. This is root cause of telecomunications data flow and other technologies. It is amazing how in the past business people could achieve produciton succesfully while using all locally available raw materials and complete a product from scratches. It is also pitiable that products that could be easily transported were only light high value goods like silk, which furthermore could only be afforded by the rich. Indeed division of labour has changed the world in that common people can affrod foreign producst . Moreover, division of labour has increased production rate, and enhanced specialization which has further led to quality due to experience, while also cutting on

Globalization and state sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and state sovereignty - Essay Example Sometimes the issue centers on the exaggeration of globalization while at other times the question centers on whether any material change is brought about. The question still remains regarding the loss of state sovereignty or the significance of the state to international associations. Globalization and its consequential transnationalism has brought about a loss in state’s sovereignty in some respects while Before analyzing this argument of state sovereignty it is important to elaborate upon the different definitions of the concept and its relevant concept. The autonomy of the state gradually comes to be threatened under the pressures of market forces acting globally, or transnational administrative system. The country states have been losing grip over certain domains within and across the boundaries. Eli Noam observes that the influence of telecommunications will gradually lead to fading of the concept of the territory and the idea of a nation exerting influence over electron ic communication will become outdated. In most cases the power of the state is fragmented especially in complex system. The power is delegated stepwise to other institutions and organizations for taking collective decisions. It is difficult to identify any single origin of authority especially in the context of the international institutions. The international organizations project a framework which is competitive in nature but their ways of decision making through the principle of agreement or majority rule might lead to decisions which are not in tune with the state’s interest or different form state policy. The minimization or time and space resulting from globalization reduce the role of the state in the global context. This process of globalization, as described by Ronald Robertson might be stated as â€Å"compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world† which is caused by the fast progress in technology and growing economic acti vities (Lynch, 51). The self-sufficiency and the proficiency of the country’s power get eroded as the societies are penetrated by international forces. Government therefore loses control over the local or domestic market and the economy as it incorporates the â€Å"development of transnational practices† and â€Å"an increasing number of inter-state connections† (Lynch, 51). Eric Helleiner has however ventured towards a careful analysis of the loss of sovereignty concept. According to him economic globalization’s impact on the world is more complex compared to the argument centering on the challenge posed by financial globalization to the nations. His argument speaks in favor of information technology enabling the regulatory power of the states. Therefore one cannot say that the sovereign states have been able to regulate international funds into the nation’s economy. It has often been argued that as the movements of financial capital increased acr oss borders it created pressures for deregulation which in turn provoke liberalization of financial markets. According to Helleiner the influence of the nation states should not be emphasized. This is because the economic globalization has merely led to increase the nation states’

Medical Malpractice in India and in General

Medical Malpractice in India and in General Master of Health Management LWN164 Health Care Law and Ethics Assessment Item No. 3 Abstract: The interrelationship between medical ethics and the law are perhaps nowhere as starkly obvious as in the domain of medical malpractice. Ethical and legal conduct and practices regularly operate harmoniously however in cases of medical malpractice ethical standards and issues encompassing therapeutic risk can clash. Some examples include disclosure of mistakes; quality change practices; non-adherence to professional standards; managing patients who act against therapeutic guidance; and the different assurances of Good Samaritan laws. Malpractice cases may be further complicated when doctors oversee the investigation process. For these reasons, research into medical malpractice in India is timely to understand the causes, prevalence, current processes and may provide solutions for improved practice. The literature review will specifically consider the Legal and Ethical side of Medical malpractice in India and in general, with a critical evaluation of the legal system, approach to ethi cs, the implications of the failure of the medical malpractice system for the health system and case reviews from an Indian perspective. Causes of Malpractice in India Main points will include: Private Hospitals, often with profit as their primary aim, utilize a system of incentives and disincentives to push specialists to over-bill, sometimes unethically. With places in the financed government medical schools limited, aspiring medical students often choose private Medical universities that charge high fees. This tempts doctors to work in private hospitals to recover their costly investment in therapeutic training. Overcharging has further implications for health insurance. Unethical practices are a distress to individual patients and organizations, on account of salaried employees who get health coverage benefits from their managers. Insurance premiums are arranged intermittently and the rates are chosen on the basis of earlier years claims. The more expensive the claims one year, the higher the premium will be the next year. In this way, patients or their employers (if insurance is part of a salary package) need to an indirect way bear the rising cost health insurance premiums. The insurance agencies rarely question claims unless their net installment commitments surpass the net premiums. Insurance providers have devised approaches to confine their general liabilities, for example, capping installments for the treatment of particular sicknesses. If everything fails, Health Insurance Company raises the premium for family cover to compensate for a low return in corporate health coverage. Thus, medical specialists, private hospitals, pharmaceutical, and insurance agencies are profiting at the cost of individual patients and enterprises who give the insurance advantages to their employees in a largely unregulated healthcare market. The Way Forward The Medical Council of India is inefficient in checking malpractice and corruption in the medical field and may be disbanded soon. An arrangement of standardized treatment protocol may help control malpractice, however that may likewise constrain specialists. Plus, standardized treatment protocol may raise the cost of treatment. The preferred hospital network system has improved convenience; however it is insufficient to control corrupt specialists and clinics. Tweaking the system of incentives and disincentives, enhanced access to data and, thus, a more straightforward healthcare services market can end unethical therapeutic practices. Main points will include: Incentives: Increasing the supply of seats in government medical universities and capping fees will decrease investment costs for medical students and thus lessen the incentives to work in private hospitals, which are frequently run not by doctors but rather by MBAs. Lowered debt will lessen the motivating factors for doctors to cheat and overbill. Access to data and transparency: Mandatory video recordings, in addition to archiving and sharing the recording to patients or their representatives, will make specialists responsible. At present, private health facilities should distribute the qualifications and experience of top specialists. That practice should be extended to incorporate each specialists record in treating patients. For example, a gynecologists profile must show the number and type of deliveries supervised. Such data will help patients make informed choices about which specialist to go to for treatment. The accessible, online rating and positioning of doctors in fraud-prone specialties, for example, kidney transplants, gynecology, and cardiology, by third party independent agencies can be useful. Similarly, rating hospitals in light of their basic infrastructure, charges, and a few markers of ethical business practices, such as the number of medical malpractice suits filed can guarantee improved conduct. The capping of fees will prevent well-regarded health care providers from overcharging. Disincentives: Aggrieved patients ought to be encouraged to take their grievances to consumer courts, which are less expensive, speedier, and dont require legal counselors. Corporations, particularly the larger ones with greater insurance premium bills, are encouraged to hire in-house specialists and medical lawyers to explore whether they are profiting by unethical specialists, clinics, or insurance agencies, and take suitable remedial actions. The above measures can check a large portion of, but not all, unethical practices. For genuine infractions, stringent punishments including fines, detainment and permanent disbarment, still might be required. The Importance of Health Law: The Medical Council of India (Indian Medical Council Rules, 1957) has a redress system that can offer disciplinary action against misconducting specialists after appropriate investigative methods. The harassment of specialists who are falsely implicated in negligence has been curtailed by the Supreme Court, which has issued guidelines for the criminal charging of doctors (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986). The medical profession that was once viewed as respectable is presently considered alongside other professions as liable for paying for damages. The patients who demanded refunds for alleged medical carelessness resorted to the civil courts. Public awareness of medical malpractice in India is developing. Hospital administrations are progressively confronting complaints in regards to the standards of professional competence, facilities, and the suitability of their therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. After the Consumer Protection Act (1986), has taken effect , a few patients have filed legal cases claiming the specialists were negligent in their treatment, and received compensation. Therefore, various legal decisions have been made on what constitutes negligence and what is required to prove it. The review will focus on why laws are failing in India, why the laws are not strict enough to put an end to malpractice and who is responsible, the health industry, management, the public, the government or the physicians themselves? The legal issues will include: The fundamentals of medical malpractice and negligence, identifying malpractice and excluding cases with poor outcomes but no negligence. Changing ideas of informed consent. Practical issues of medical negligence with cases from the Indian Courts. Investigating why individuals make medical negligence cases. Approaches to manage medical accidents. Causes of increase in medical carelessness. Fundamentals of therapeutic liability in India Medical Ethics: The medical profession in India is at intersection, confronting numerous ethical and legal difficulties. The fundamental values of medicine insist that the specialists commitment is to keep the patients interest above everything else. The vital issues of autonomy, justice, confidentiality, non-maleficence, and beneficence are key elements that ought to direct the day to day practice of the specialist. The ethical guidelines of medical practice given by The Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette, and Ethics) Regulations, (Code of Ethics Regulation, 2002) are aimed at strengthening the ethical measures among enlisted medical experts in India. Points that will give basic insight into solutions to ethical issues in medical practice: Improving relationship between patient and doctor. Ethical training of postgraduates and undergraduates in their therapeutic training. Challenges associated with modern medical practice. Coverage of Doctors and Hospitals under Consumer Protection Act (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986) Research Methodology: Professional negligence by a health service provider has implication for both the legal and health profession. Avoidable medical injury increases the cost of treatment, while negligence claims have been blamed for further increase in cost of health care in India. This research is to analyze medical malpractice legislation and its consequences on stakeholders, for example, the health care consumer, the medical professionals, and the legal community. A thorough analysis of researches, articles and journals based on liability of hospitals in medical negligence, an analysis of medical negligence and law in India, Breach of patients trust in medical negligence, analysis and interpretation of medical negligence. The research will include arguments supporting the ethics and laws in medical malpractice as well as how laws are misused against the medical professionals by the patients for financial gain. Causes of medical malpractice: Medical malpractice (Sloan Chepke, 2008 p. 302-303) Communication gaffes: a root cause of malpractice claims- (Hutington and Kuhn, 2003 p. 157-161) Solutions to Medical Malpractice: Progress in Medicine: Compensation and medical negligence in India: Does the system need a quick fix or an overhaul? Chandra and Math, (2016) Malpractice: Problems and Solutions- (Bernstein, 2013 p.372-378) Importance of health law and legal issues in medical malpractice: Journal of health and life sciences law- A Better Approach to Medical Malpractice Claims. (Boothman, Blackwell, Campbell, Commiskey, and Anderson, 2009, p 125-159) Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense A legal perspective. Pandit Pandit, (2009) Ethics in medical malpractice: Health Law and Medical Practice Chesnokova and Arina Evgenievna, (2016) Ethics and Medical Malpractice- Dougherty, (1990). Case Reviews: Important medical negligence cases in India Yadav, (2014) References Bernstein, J. (2013) Malpractice: Problem and Solutions. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 471(3). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563820/ Boothman, R. C., Blackwell, A. C., Campbell Jr, D. A., Commiskey, E., Anderson, S. (2009). A better approach to medical malpractice claims? The University of Michigan experience. Chandra, M. S., Math, S. B. (2016). Progress in Medicine: Compensation and medical negligence in India: Does the system need a quick fix or an overhaul?. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 19(Suppl 1), S21. Chesnokova, Arina Evgenievna (2016). Health Law and Medical Practice. AMA Journal of Ethics, 18(3),197. Code of Ethics Regulation, (2002). Published in Part III, Section 4 of the Gazette of India, dated 6th April, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.mciindia.org/RulesandRegulations/CodeofMedicalEthicsRegulations2002.aspx Consumer Protection Act (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986). Bare acts ,Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ,Order 18 Rule 4. Retrieved from http://www.lawzonline.com/bareacts/civil-procedure-code/order18-rule4-code-of-civil-procedure.htm Dougherty, C. J. (1990). Ethics and Medical Malpractice. Creighton L. Rev., 24, 1233. Hutington B. and Kuhn N., (2003) Communication gaffes: a root cause of malpractice claims 16(2): 157-161. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201002/ J Health Life Sci Law, 2(2), 125-159. Pandit, M.S. Pandit, S., (2009).Indian Journal of Urology 25(3): 372-378. Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense A legal perspective. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-1591 Sloan, F. A., Chepke, L. M. (2008). Medical malpractice (pp. 302-03). Cambridge, MA: Mit Press. Yadav S., (2014) Important medical negligence cases in India. Retrieved fromhttps://blog.ipleaders.in/important-medical-negligence-cases-india/

Ender’s Game :: Essays Papers

Ender’s Game Andrew Wiggin is the main character in the novel, Ender’s Game. His nickname is Ender. Andrew got his nickname from his older sister Valentine when he was born because Valentine was unable to say the name â€Å"Andrew†, so she called him Ender. It has specific meaning in the book because of the fact that Ender is expected to be able to ‘end’ events that someone else had started before him. One event that has been started before Ender that he is expected to finish is the war between the humans on the planet, and the alien â€Å"Buggers.† Ender is expected to be able to end this war because his older siblings tested out impossibly in the governments way of determining aptitude, or ability to become a general in the army that is preparing for a fight with the Buggers. Rarely is a third child born, but in this exceptional case, Ender was permitted to be born because of his siblings test results. As soon as ender is born, a monitor is placed in the base of his neck to analyze his thoughts and senses to determine whether he is Battleschool material or not. Ender eventually goes to Battleschool and takes mass amounts of badgering and teasing from the other kids that are training too. Ender easily moves through the ranks and frustrates every instructor that he has. He becomes a commander and is given an army. He eventually goes to a planet called Eros, find the Buggers, and conclude that they are bugs, and that they have a queen like ants do. Ender finds an old man and finds that it is Mazer Rackham, his enemy. Ender finally finds that all the games he had been playing since Rackham became his enemy, was the real Third Invasion. Ender is a hero. Another event that Ender had to finish that had been started before him was his conflict with Stilson on the bus to Battleschool. Stilson and his friends make fun of Ender by calling him a ‘Third’ and they do not let him get to his seat on the bus. Stilson calls Ender names and summons his friends to hold Ender back because he had tried to grab Stilson’s arm in defense of himself.

Drinking and Driving Essay -- Drunk Driving, DUI, Alcohol

â€Å"Have one drink for the road† was, until recently, a commonly used phrase in American culture. It has only been within the past 20 years that as a nation, we have begun to recognize the dangers associated with drunk driving (Sutton 463). According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, this year 519,000 people, or one person per minute, will be injured in alcohol-related accidents. 10,839 people will die in drunk-driving crashes this year – that is one death every 50 minutes. The heartbreaking part is, every injury and lost life due to driving after drinking can be prevented. Drinking while driving â€Å"accidents† are not merely â€Å"accidents.† Getting in a vehicle after consuming alcohol, which severely affects the function of the brain, is not an accident. It is lack of responsibility. Individuals that consume alcohol irresponsibly must begin to take responsibility for themselves and for other innocent drivers on the road. Unfort unately, in spite of great progress, alcohol-impaired driving remains a serious national problem that tragically affects many victims annually (Hanson). It is time that laws and consequences for drinking while driving strengthen and people begin to think twice before driving a vehicle after drinking. Individuals who make the decision to drive after consuming alcohol, not only put themselves in a dangerous situation, they also put an entire community at risk. Current laws, which are not strict or powerful enough, must be increased in order to keep our neighborhoods around the nation safe. Although many people think current drinking while driving limits and laws are strict enough, the rising number of individuals who continue to make an irresponsible decision to get behind the wheel of a vehicle ... ...king & Driving." WWW2 Webserver. State University of New York Sociology Department. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. Lightner, Candy. "Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving." Mothers Against Drunk Driving. 2011. Web. 01 Apr. 2011. Saunders, Carol Silverman. "'It's suicide.'(Drinking and Driving)." Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader publication Feb. 1996: 26+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 20 Apr. 2011. Sutton, Amy L. "Drinking and Driving." Alcoholism Sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2007. 463. Print. "Update: Drunk Driving." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 21 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Apr. 2011. Wagner, Heather Lehr. Alcohol. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2003. Print. "What Is a Drink?" Arizona Department of Public Safety (DPS), Arizona Highway Patrol - State of Arizona. 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2011.

Trail of Tears and the Five Civilized Tribes

During the early years of 1800s, valuable gold deposits were discovered in tribal lands, which by previous cessions had been reduced to about seven million acres in northwest Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and southwest North Carolina. In 1819, Georgia appealed to the U. S. government to remove the Cherokee from Georgia lands. When the appeal failed, attempts were made to purchase the territory. Meanwhile, in 1820 the Cherokee established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, a senate, and a house of representatives. Because of this system, the Cherokee were included as one of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The other four tribes were the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and the Seminoles. In 1832, in spite of the fact the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Georgia legislation was unconstitutional, federal authorities, following Jackson†s policy of Native American removal, ignored the decision. About five hundred leading Cherokee agreed in 1835 to cede the tribal territory in exchange for $5,700,000 and land in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Their action was repudiated by more than nine-tenths of the tribe, and several members of the group were later assassinated. In 1838 federal troops began forcible evicting the Cherokee. Approximately one thousand escaped to the North Carolina Mountains, purchased land, and incorporated in that state; they were the ancestors of the present-day Eastern Band. Most of the tribe, including the Western Band, was driven west about eight hundred miles in a forced march, known as the Trail of Tears. The march west included 18,000 to 20,000 people, of whom about 4000 perished through hunger, disease, and exposure. The Cherokee are of the Iroquoian linguistic family. Their economy, like that of the other southeastern tribes, was based on intensive agriculture, mainly of corn, beans, and squash. Deer, bear, and elk were hunted. The tribe was divided into seven matrilineal clans that were dispersed in war and peace moieties (half-tribes). The people lived in numerous permanent villages, some of which belonged to the war moiety, the rest to the peace moiety. In the early 19th century, the Cherokee demonstrated unusual adaptability to Western institutions, both in their governmental changes and in their adoption of Western method of animal harvesting and farming. Public schools were established and in the 1820s, a tribal member invented an 85-character syllable script for the Cherokee language. Widespread literacy followed almost immediately. In 1828 the first Native American newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, began publication. Today in Oklahoma, much of the culture has remained the same. Their traditional crafts are most strongly preserved by the Eastern Band where their basketry is considered to be equal to or better than that of earlier times. In Oklahoma the Cherokee live both on and off the reservation, scattered in urban centers and in isolated rural regions. Their occupations range form fishing to industrial labor to business management. In North Carolina, farming, forestry, factory work, and tourism are sources of income. As of 1990 there were 308,132 Cherokee descendants in the United States. Another member of the five tribes is the Seminoles, a Native American tribe of the Muskogean language family. Most now live in Oklahoma and southern Florida. The Seminole tribe developed in the 18th century from members of the Creed Confederacy, mostly Creeks and Hitchiti, who raided and eventually settled in Florida. After the United States acquired Florida in 1819, the territorial governor, Andrew Jackson, initiated a vigorous policy of tribal removal to open the land for white settlers. After the capture of their leader Osceola in 1837 and the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842, several thousand Seminole were forcibly moved west to Indian Territory. At the end of the Third Seminole War in 1858, about 250 more were sent west. The rest were allowed to remain, and their descendants signed a peace treaty with the United States in 1935. In 1964 the Miccosukee signed a 50-year agreement with national Park Service that allows the Miccosukee access to more than 300 acres of the Everglades. The Florida Seminole have five reservations. They farm, hunt, fish, and some run tourist-related businesses. Many still live in thatch-roofed, open-sided houses on stilts and wear patchwork and applique clothing. The Seminole in Oklahoma were given a smaller reservation after the American Civil War. In the late 19th century they yielded to pressure to divide their tribal land into individual allotments and cede the surplus to the United States; this land was opened to settlers in 1889. In 1990 Seminole descendants numbered 13, 797. Many were Baptists, but both the Florida and Oklahoma groups retained traditional Muskogean observances. The three remaining tribes, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and the Creek, are all close in relationship. All tribes are of the Muskogean linguistic family and all occupied an area that now includes Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Kentucky. The Chickasaw lived in dwellings constructed alongside streams and rivers rather than in villages. They obtained food by hunting, fishing, and farming. The Creek were an agricultural tribe, living in villages consisting of log houses. Creek women cultivated corn, squash, beans, and other crops, and the men hunted and fished. The Choctaw were less warlike that their traditional enemies, the Chickasaw and the Creek. They lived in mud and bark cabins with thatched roofs. They were also agricultural people, probably the most able farmers of the southeastern region. They also raised cattle, fished, and hunted. In 1990 the Chickasaw and their descendants numbered 20,631, the Creek heritage numbered 43,550, and a large number of Choctaw and their descendants live principally in Oklahoma and also in Mississippi and Louisiana. During the 18th and 19th centuries the Choctaw were forced to move farther and farther west to avoid conflict with European settlers. By 1842 they had ceded most of their land to the United States and were relocated in Indian Territory, land set aside for them in present-day Oklahoma. Here the Choctaw became, along with Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Seminole, part of a group of Native Americans known as the Five Civilized Tribes, so called because they had organized governments the establishment of public schools and newspapers.

Benefits of Affirmative Action in Higher Education

For twenty-five years, positive efforts have been made to qualified women and color of people to equal educational opportunities. As a result, the participation of the underrepresented groups of our society has increased significantly. The past and the present history of discrimination against women and people of color in education have extremely limited the current generation's educational opportunities. Until we can eliminate these inequities, positive measures would remain critical for women and color of people. Affirmative action programs have made a significant difference to a number of qualified individuals whose talents would not have watched over without such programs. It has improved the heterogeneity and the quality of education in our schools. In education, affirmative action provides the following to make educational opportunities accessible to all Americans: – Review of other merit factors besides grades and test scores by admission committees – Recruit for undergraduate, graduate admissions, and special educational programs – Provide mentoring, counseling, and other support programs. Affirmative Action In Education Has Expanded Opportunities For Women And People Of Color But The Need Remains If we take a closer look, many of the nations finest educational institutions had the doors firmly closed to women and people of color. Although the Civil Right Act and the Education Amendments prohibited racial and ethnic discriminations, educational opportunities for women and people of color are still limited by discrimination and stereotyping. As a result, women and people of color continue to fell behind by many educational measures. For example: Eliminating Educational Barriers For Women And People Of Color Through Affirmative Action Has Produced Broader Benefits To Society As A Whole Affirmative action programs have helped to increase the number of women completing law and medical school. The presence of women in justice and health care systems has given consumers more choices. The greater availability of female doctors and lawyers are the direct results of affirmative action programs at medical and law schools. â€Å"Affirmative action programs in medical schools have increased the number of physicians of color. Data suggests these physicians fill an important role in caring for poor people and members of minority groups. Black and Hispanic physicians locate their practices in areas with higher proportions of residents from underserved minority groups. In addition, they care for higher proportions of patients of their own race or ethnic groups and patients who are uninsured or are covered by Medicaid†. Source: Komaromy et al., â€Å"The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Undeserved Populations,† The New England Journal of Medicine, May 16, 1996, Vol. 332, No. 20, p. 1305. What Would Happen If Affirmative Action Were Eliminated? The elimination of affirmative action will have devastating effects and it has already being felt in two of the nation's largest public universities. In 1995, the University of California system's Board of Regents voted to drop affirmative action in admissions beginning with next year's entering class. In Texas, a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit barred public colleges in that state from considering the race of prospective students. The Washington Post (5-19-97) noted that 21 black students have been selected for next fall's class at UCLA's law school-an 80 percent drop from last year and the lowest number of African Americans offered admission since about 1970. In Texas, nearly 400 fewer black and Hispanic students have been offered admission as undergraduates-a 20 percent decline. The Fall '97 entering class at the University of Texas Law School will include no African American students. Based on this data each and every civic in the nation should be alarmed. Not only that but also everyone should oppose to the policies denying entire segments of our society the full range of opportunities that our country has to offer. Why Admissions Policies Consider More Than Grades and Test Scores Antagonist of affirmative action is in favor to rank all applicants on the basis of quantitative measures alone. College admissions counselors and committees do understands that merit consists of just more than grades and test scores. Family income and parental academic attainment can also correlate to a student's ability to succeed. So the college counselors and committees understands if they limit the qualifications selection by only grades and test scores that might lead to the exclusion of talented musicians, artists, athletes, and other able individuals. Schools have a legitimate reason to strive for a mixed learning environment for students that will enable them to live in a pluralistic nation and compete in a global marketplace. A practical education encourages students to interact and work with people of diverse backgrounds. What the Courts Have Said About Affirmative Action in the Education Context â€Å"In Hopwood V. University of Texas School of Law (1996), the U.S. COURT of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that the University of Texas's Law School's affirmative action program violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. At issue was an admission's policy that compared ‘minority' and ‘non-minority' applicants separately. In its decision, the Fifth Circuit said the Supreme Court's ruling in Bakke (that race could be used as one of several factors in admission) was no longer valid. While the Supreme Court allowed the Hopwood ruling to stand, it did not affirm the decisive language of the ruling†. Education is a fundamental virtue in every aspect of social and economic opportunity in the United States of America. More than ever before, educational achievement is connected to the economic security and the advancement for individuals as well as the nation as a whole. Schools carry a strong responsibility of preparing the future leaders of our country to effectively live and lead in a diverse society. America's competitiveness lies in its ability to support the innovative talents of its people. In an era where educated nation is a stronger nation economically and otherwise. As we approach the 21st Century, our commitment as a moral citizen to these programs is more vital than ever.

Children Penalties Essay

All through America it seems that juvenile children are committing extremely severe crimes. Fellow classmates and teachers are being murdered by juveniles as young as eleven and thirteen. As a result of this, a major issue has been raised, should children who commit a serious crime face the penalties as and adult? Do these kids know what they are doing? And more importantly do they know the consequences of their actions. The points that I’m going to be outlining are children don’t know/ know the consequences of their actions, harsh punishment has little effect, youths are more mature so they know the consequences of their actions, the notion of justice, children may not have been given adequate role modals, youths should be given harsh punishments so others will not copy them, children grow up with guns and it’s the shooters responsibility not the weapon used. Those who believe that juveniles should receive adult penalties for serious crimes often claim that the young children are not fully aware of the crime they commit and destruction that will affect the victims of the crime. For example in a shooting at Jonesboro, where an eleven and thirteen year old shot dead four school girls and a teacher, critics distinguished that the attack wasn’t committed at the spur of the moment or under the immediate influence of strong emotion. Instead they claim that the killings were highly planned and vigilantly carried out. The two juvenile killers were noted to supplied themselves with a gate away vehicle, wore camouflage clothing, selected a high vantage point form which to shoot, lured their innocent victims out by trigging a fire alarm and waited for the school doors to automatically lock before opening fire. (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) The opposing view is that children in their opinion are unable to grasp the consequences of their actions. A child who kills very probably doesn’t realize the finality of death and so does not fully understand what he/she has done when they take someone’s life. Correspondingly, it is claimed that children are unlikely to be deterred for a crime because they are terrified of a cruel punishment. According to this line of disagreement most children are impulsive and have a naive idea in  their own immortality. This means that children are unlikely to think about possible punishments prior to committing a serious crime and are unlikely to be able to even envision penalties like life in jail being applied to them. This point was made by child psychiatrist William Licamele, who claimed, † At age 11 or 12 kid are normally self-absorbed, self centered, magical, they don’t think anything can happen to them, there is going to be no retribution† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) This meaning that the threat of harsh punishment will not prevent them from committing a crime. Thus, it has been argued that applying adult penalties to children who commit serious crimes will have little to no deterrent effect. On the other hand, juveniles should receive adult punishments; fully premeditated murders (like the Jonesboro have been said to be) are no different just because juveniles have committed them. This point questions weather or not the young offenders are adequately aware of the cost of their actions to be held legally liable for them. Mr. Gerard Henderson, executive director of Sydney institute, has summed up this point of arrangement. He claims, † I certainly know what I was doing when I was 13 and 11. I suspect that Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden (shooters at Jonesboro) also know what they were doing† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) Mr. Gerard Henderson also claims, † Those days it is increasingly accepted that most children mature relatively early and that, in an intellectual and recreational sense. Most are relatively independent by 16 † (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) This indicates that youth are more mature and so its argued that they are more capable of appreciating the consequences of their actions than children in the past years. Focusing on the punishment of these so called â€Å"more mature† youths is shortsighted, as the cause of the crime committed is probably outside the control of the children. According to this line argument, the general public is more likely to be able to prevent these crimes from occurring if they can  discover why they are happening, rather than focusing on the punishment of the individual offender. This suggests that children who commit serious crimes are most likely victims of developments of society or inside their own families that they are not responsible for. E.g. same authorities have suggested that martial breakdown, the disintegration of extended family and families were both parents work may all be factors contributing to child crime. (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) Many people say that it doesn’t matter that a child committed the crime, but that the damaged he/she caused to the victim is the same no matter the age of the perpetrator. Mitchell Weight, whose wife was one of the five killed at Jonesboro claimed, † It doesn’t matter that those were boys. Their age has nothing to do with the fact that they murdered my wife and four others† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 3) Those who say that the crime and the damage should remain the same despite the age of the offender seem to mean that the punishment should be that same. This argument is based on the notion of justice. Those who affect serious harm to others should be given a proportionately serve penalty for their crimes. Children may have committed a crime that has caused serious harm due to having had luck of guidance and emotional support. The child may suffer from feelings of desertion, alienation and damaged self-esteem. Which can encourage them to lush out at others. Such children may not have been given adequate role modals to help them cope with whatever hardship they will encounter in their lives. Children who lush out at others and become juvenile offenders should receive comparable penalties to adult crimes so that other young people will not copy them. This point was put by Mr. Gerard Henderson, he argued and said that, † The Jonesboro shooting was but the most recent in a wave of schoolyard murders where boys or young men have murdered students and teachers. Who is to say the soft treatment of one young murderer will not encourage another? † (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 3) Societies such as the United States where guns are broadly accepted and where  even young children are trained in the use of guns, are giving young offenders a mean of turning their teenage anger and resentment into homicide. If guns were not so widely available then most of the school shootings would have never happened, the child with the sense of grievance would have expressed it in a form such as fighting, truancy or disobedience in class. It has been claimed that children trained from an early age in the use of guns may be desensitized to potentially grave consequences. Children introduced to guns at an early age may simple regard guns as one more toy. Although guns are widely available that opposing view is that you can’t blame the availability of weapons for any crime committed using them. A local in Jonesboro stated, † You lay a gun on the table and a hundred years from now the gun will still be there, unless someone touches it† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) This argument is saying that the responsibility for the shooting rests with the shooter, not the weapon. I personally believe that it depends on the offender, weather it was committed from a strong emotion or a planned slaughter. Either way they should first go into a program to help them. But if it was a planned slaughter, at the same time of being in a program they should get punished as an adult so they know that they can’t get away with it and no one else hopefully will not copy what they have done. The issues that I have covered in this essay are that children don’t know/know what they have done, harsh punishment doesn’t work well, youths have grown up a lot more quickly, if they harm someone the offender should get the equal amount of punishment, they have has no good role modals, soft treatment will make other youths copy the offenders crime, guns are part if the youths life from a young age and it’s not the weapons responsibility of the crime that they have committed. Bibliography: Mclnerney, J, 1994 www.echoed.com.au/protected/outlines1/issues.htm Echo Education Services