Corporate Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corporate Planning - Essay Example The Approach: Building an alliance with the Business School, at university of Plymouth, the company sought a knowledge based partnership to identify strategic diversification opportunities for enhancing their service offerings, and reach. After extensive market study and audit of internal competencies, a three-year strategic business plan was formulated. Specific actions to double the presence of Pendennis staff in Boat Shows at Moscow and Dubai was taken. A new Marketing Information System (MkIS) to support the client relationship management was also implemented. The company also participated in Super Yacht tour of excellence in 2005, sponsored the Falmouth week, and built professional linkages with Cornwall Marine Network. The Background: HP is an old company which started in 1938 and was subsequently incorporated in 1947. In year 2000 (pre-merger with Compaq), HP reported a revenue of $48,253 millions, employee strength of 84,400, and was ranked 13th in Fortune 500 companies (http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2000/). Compaq around that time (in 1998) was in financial difficulties with 15000 layoffs (http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/layoffs). Some major problems ailing HP pre-merger were: (a) shrinking margins (b) slow in technology adaptation (c) needed strong complementary business lines. The Approach: The famous merger of technological giants (HP and Compaq) received worldwide accolades and criticism, but attention, nonetheless. The merger process went through many steps (Burgelman & McKinney, 2005): The Outcomes: Literature reveals varied viewpoints, from success to horror stories. Despite the criticism, HP used the $25 billion merger to address key operational concerns in an effort to better react to a fundamental shift in customer values. In the five years since merger, HP has more than doubled its shareholder

Business Plan Of The Safe Tissue Marketing Essay

Business Plan Of The Safe Tissue Marketing Essay Everybody these days look for security and sound path to diminish tiny viruses creates around us as the vast majority of us feel it because of the force and essence style that make us apprehensive and need to find clean against-bacterial latrine tissues. The Safe Tissue L.L.C is putting resources into tissues and figure mind items and concerning in regards to this issue. One of the examines in the growth and inspecting branch uncovered some substance that depending on, if it is incorporated in the tissue and let the individual uses them after latrine, it ensures clean and great fragrance after utilization in addition that it is reused and could be utilized as a part of paper industry. A study shows that 35% of youngsters visits to doctors facilities in Abu Dhabi were an explanation for why of microorganisms that is openly and even in private toilets, which sets back the all finances the guardians a considerable measure and make them being apprehensive and pushed. Numerous different explanations pushed The Safe Tissue to give careful consideration for that new finding that can the obligations that dont give us an opportunity to discover the time required, that is the reason the new feature can keep the power of the tissue as needed. That has a focused sum of the substance and particular material that will stay on the skin and blur inside 10 seconds after utilized and it could be made consistent with FDA consistency prerequisites for tissues. Mission: To become the leading safe healthy tissue producer in UAE Vision: To provide health by healthy tissue papers Company Overview: In January 2013 The Safe Tissue step into the market. The perspective of the company is to cater the locals. The companys product is frequently use and highly concern to health. The competitors of the company are mostly foreign brands. People are always conscious about health. The Safe Tissue provides healthy tissue with modern standard competing the all his competitors. Marketing Analysis Plan: Market Trends: In market the trend is of Healthy tissue papers. People prefer healthy and safe side for theirs selves. Branded names are commonly known for their name and secondly for their standard of health maintain for the customers. There are also a lot of types of tissue in the market such as facial tissue, toilet tissue. The Safe Tissue started work with toilet range Supply and Demand Factor: The demand and supply are two primary components that influence the working of any plan of action. The demand is the will and capacity of purchasers to buy a specific product, while supply is the capacity of the business to accommodate the interest of customers. (Scholasticus, 2013).To copes with modern era. Demand and supply factor are critically set according to the market trend. Purchasing Patterns: Two factors of business as explained above influence the purchasing pattern of the customers. Price is the main factor which plays a vital role in the purchasing pattern of the customer. Hence the The Safe Tissue Company set the price accordingly to purchasing patterns of their customer. Life patterns: Peoples always prefer health over anything in this world. The life patterns of local affected by the highly expensive daily use product. The Safe tissue changes the life pattern of locals by providing the cheap and healthy tissue papers. Factors influencing the target market. Targeting the market is the important key role of business plan. There are few factors that change the target the market. (Jeff, 2007) Geographic: In startup market, The Safe Tissue started business in Abu Dhabi and AL ain. To capture the whole UAE is the big task but not impossible. So focus is only at these two cities. Demographic: Demographic means the age levels and gender. Everyone use tissue for cleaning purpose. Kids and Mature peoples are more conscious about health as compared to youngster. Economic Factors: Economic conditions also change the target market. UAE has come out of the recession. Now the economic conditions of the country are well and good. Stabilize and good opportunity for investment point of view. Due to change in the economic conditions of the country the purchasing pattern of the changes. Interests of buying products are reduced from the customer side. Social Value: Social value is also core of target market. Preference to things change by the customer as by the time passed. The Safe tissue has considered this factor more preferable. Product Positioning: As newly started business The Safe tissue positioned themselves in most competing brands of the market. The Safe tissue manufactures high quality and healthy tissue in the market. Thing is to position their products in the heart of the customers, for that The Safe tissue has a devised advertisement plan and marketing plan to capture the heart of the locals and expats by providing health in cheaper price. Success factors: Success factors of The Safe tissue are health, cheaper and loyal with customers. Providing foreign standard healthy tissue in cheaper price can be the success factor for The Safe Tissue Barriers to entry: It is always difficult to enter in any market. Barriers are always there. The Safe Tissue also facing a lot of barriers. Barriers from government and competitors are always meant to be remove to get success Existing and emerging competitors: There are a lot of existing and emerging competitors in the market. For Example Kleenex, but Kleenex providing wide range of product. Also this is the foreign company. Locals producer of toiler papers are main competitors of The Safe Tissue. Management plan: Initially the company total numbers of employees are 25 peoples including directors and owners. Company having 5 Directors and consist of sales, accounts and marketing managers and rest of all are labor use for production and packing of the product. After 12 months, each manager gets assistant manager under him. After 24 Months Department of Human Resource introduce and implemented increasing the employees to 50. After 36 months each head of business has its team and supervisors. Product or Service Plan: Sales model: As per demands of product of product increasing the sales revenues also increases. The following sales model shows the sales made since company establishment in January 2013 and 2014 and onwards 2015. Table Sales Model 2014 2015 2016 Toilets Papers AED 2,750,060 AED 3,350,567 AED 4,670,678 Facial Tissue papers 2,770,768 3,768,344 Total Sales Revenue 2,750,060 6,121,335 8,439,022 Marketing messages: For marketing messages useful means of transferring the messages to our potential customer is used. Proper marketing research has been conducted to review the market properly Marketing and promotions tactics: The Safe Tissue implements the marketing mix to accomplish their valuable goals. It includes the Price Product: To live in this rapid market industry product should be differentiated to make the sale in the market. People want something different and valuable to them for purchasing product. The Safe tissue company has made this marketing mix by making product of high quality and according to modern standard. Place: Place where to sell your product is also the most important perspective of the company. Place is selected according to suppliers and market. Location of the business helps a lot in gaining more sales. Price: Price of the product has great influence over customers. The Safe Tissue price is reasonable and affordable by locals and middle level and low level of families. Hence this factor has the increase the market share of The Safe tissue in the market. Promotion: The promotion is the element of gaining the customer interest. Promotions are made according to price and market trend and customer buying behavior. Promotion creates awareness about the product and hence in results increase in sales. Strategy: Product Strategy: The Safe Tissue using the product strategy. Facial tissue which is for both facial and anti-bacterial tissue wipes use. This package has increased the sales. The two-in-one strategy is giving a competitive edge over his competitors (Srivastava Shubhra) Packaging Strategy: One more strategy which The Safe Tissue implemented is their packaging strategy; the single fold packing of tissue is really easy to carry in clothes. Also the health tips are also printed on the box of facial tissue pack. Also the wrapping of the plastic prevents the tissue from germs and bacteria (Abrams, 2003) Cost Strategy: The facial tissue packet of dual function has the valuable price. This strategy has offered the customers a golden opportunity to buy The Safe Tissue products. (Kogan, 2004) Distribution Strategy: Another effective strategy is distribution strategy. The location of the business is at main point where the access of the suppliers is feasible and convenient. The Safe Tissue company also have different distribution channels. (Haffor-Letchfield, 2011)Logistics management has efficiently working on this strategy Sales force structure: Sales force structure have significant place in business plan. There are three ways of structuring the sales forces. In house sales force means that the sales team of a company or second type of sales force structure is third party selling your product independently. Third type is sales force is middle way between pervious two strategies. The Safe tissue is using all three types but mainly their sales are depend on first type. The Safe Tissue company has competitive sale team. (A.Zoltners, Prabhakant, E.Loriner, 2006) Operating plan Research Development: The Safe tissue company has research and development department. This department has been started in 2013 after one year of business incorporation. The benefit of R D department is clear that sale entry of new product has increase the revenue of the company. Plant Equipments: New and branded machineries are imported from all over the world to produce the healthy tissue papers. The Safe Tissue has installed all its plants and equipment in the Free Zone area. Head office is situated in Abu Dhabi. Logistics: The Safe Tissue Company has its own logistics used for transporting the goods to market. Production Plans: Production plan is for targeting the niche in the market. They has their own staff and manufacturing unit with head office and site office. Operations: The Safe Tissue has SOPs for its manufacturing and production facility as prescribed by the ISO 9001:2008 and safety precautions are checked by the supervisors. The Safe Tissue company regulating all the legal requirements of the UAE. The Safe tissue further acquires more plant for manufacturing and packaging process. The production plan takes months to finalize the production line. Inventory Plan: Business fundamental stock might as well give a sensible collection of items and ought to be colossal enough to blanket the typical bargains mandates of your business. Depending on if youre a begin-up, you wont have real deals and stocking figures from past years to guide you, you should venture your first years deals dependent upon your business arrangement. Any time figuring fundamental stock, you should likewise figure in lead time-the time span between reordering and appropriating an item. For example, if your lead time is four weeks and a specific feature line pushes 10 units a week, then you should reorder when the fundamental stock level falls underneath 40 units. (Entreprenuer, 2006) Provided that you dont reorder until you really require the stock, youll need to hold up four weeks without the item. Inadequate stock denotes lost deals and excessive, drawn out delay purchases. Using up crude materials or parts that are essential to your handling technique denotes expanded working expenses, as well. Your representatives could be getting paid to sit around on the grounds that theres no work for them to do; when the stock does go in, theyll be paid for working extra time to make up for lost creation time. Avoiding Excess inventory: The Safe tissue company avoiding excess inventory as the inventory control system is up to date on regular basis. Information systems: IT is the key source of every business. In this modern era where everything is happening on computers shows the importance of Information Systems. The Safe Tissue has perpetual inventory system. Technical and efficient information technology team has leaded the company to a huge sale and moreover the functions of the company are implemented quickly. Milestones: In short Term goals, the safe Tissue wanted to be known by their health care about their customer. Medium term goal is to keep trying new and innovative ideas to compete their competitors. Long terms goals are to invent new product regarding tissue and new innovation about their products. To capture the whole GCC; the safe Tissue have to increase their plants and equipment to produce more capacity. Exit Plans: The total assets of the company are enough to sell and clear all debts. The Safe Tissue has valuable exit plan. In case of liquidation, all the assets are sold to clear all the liabilities Financial Plan: Table The Safe Tissue Cash Flow Forecast The Safe tissue Cash Flow Statement Cash Flows 2013 2014 2015 2016 AED AED AED AED Opening Cash Balance 700,000 RECEIPTS Cash Received from Sales 3,750,060 6,121,335 8,439,022 Loan Proceeds 15,000,000 TOTAL RECEIPTS 15,700,000 3,750,060 6,121,335 8,439,022 DISBURSEMENTS Machinery and equipment 13,000,000 Accounts Payable 0 0 0 0 Raw Materials 400,000 0 0 0 Supplies 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Utilities 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Advertising Promo 0 187,503 306,067 421,951 Maintenance Repairs 40,000 40,000 40,000 Wages Salaries 500,000 500,000 500,000 Taxes 0 0 0 0 Loan Repayment 0 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 Professional/Legal Fees 50,000 50,000 50,000 Total Disbursements 13,530,000 3,157,503 3,276,067 3,391,951 Surplus Deficit 2,170,000 592,557 2,845,268 5,047,071 Notes and Assumptions: The Owner of The Safe Tissue owned manufacturing facility The surplus in 2013 of 2,170,000 Dirhams is the capital reserved for the teams and R D department The cash inflow starts from 2014 The loan taken is 15 million and has to pay back 4 years The interest is 15 % at loan

Life Death And Continuous Chan :: essays research papers

Life, Death, and Continuous Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Three themes prevalent in Terry Wolverton’s Mystery Bruise) What is this that takes the immoral, the wicked, and the weak? What is this that takes the righteous and the strong. We have referred to it as our end, departure, extinction, impending doom, eternal rest, last sleep, and most certainly our final summons -at least, as far as known life is concerned-. The Bible has named it, â€Å"the latter end†. Shakespeare has called it â€Å"the journey’s end† and â€Å"a knell that summons thee to heaven or hell†. The dark side, as Pink Floyd relates to it, is a prevailing aspect of our lives. No matter how one refers to death, three things are certain: First, it is inevitable. Second, it will happen to everyone. Third, it needs life to occur and yet is in opposition to it. Because of death holding it’s shadow to the divine spark of life, it is obvious that whenever a person talks of death they invariably talk of life. True to this statement are Terry Wolverton’s poems in Mystery Bruise. Her poems embrace aspects of life as she sees it and almost all of these â€Å"dancing insights† mention death. In addition to death running hand and hand with life is the concept of continuous change. Wolverton mentions change and human’s inability to accept it. I believe that living beings are weary of change because like death it requires entrance into a land of uncertainty. The poem â€Å"We Resist Evolution† approaches this ideology of change. Wolverton opens the poem by stating that every living thing resists evolution. She writes about the cell that refuses to split, â€Å"the shapeless blind-eyed swimmers who did not long to crawl or breathe†, and her metamorphosis in a woman-like body. The changes/evolutions depicted in this poem all deal with death and life as well. It’s obvious that she mentions living things and their metamorphosis’ but maybe not so obvious is the inherent fact that with every metamorphosis a death occurs-that is the death of the old to make the new. Midway through the piece Terry Wolverton addresses the reluctance of the dinosaur to it’s demise. She also mentions our denial of death and the ironic acceptance of our life in it’s clammy hands, saying that â€Å"Even at the moment of death we back away, tread air against the light that beckons, clutch at our particular plot of dust†.

Economics IA Commentary Coversheet Essay

November 11 2009 – The unemployment rate stands at 7.8% – up 0.1% over the quarter and 2.0% on last year. Nearly 29 million people were in work in the period July to September according to the labour force survey (LFS). The number of people employed was up by 6,000 this quarter but down by 490,000 on the last year. The working age employment rate is 72.5% – down 0.1% on the last quarter and down 1.9% on the last year. ILO-defined unemployment in July to September was 2.46 million (7.9%) – up by 30,000 unemployed on April-June and 629,000 from this time last year. The claimant count for key out-of-work benefits was 1.6395 million in October – up by 22,900 on last month, and up 632,700 on last year. Earnings growth over the year to August (including bonuses) was 1.6%, down 0.2% from the previous month. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Yvette Cooper said: â€Å"The figures show more people in work and a lot more young people taking up our offer of full time education and training, which is welcome news. â€Å"The fact that unemployment is significantly lower than everyone forecast at the beginning of the year shows the support for the economy is making a real difference. But we know things are still tough for a lot of families, and unemployment is expected to increase further next year. That’s why we’re determined to do more with an extra 35,000 youth jobs, more apprenticeships and education places so we can guarantee no young person gets stuck in long term unemployment.† The figures out today also reinforce the fact that the UK labour market is performing better than most major economies. They show UK unemployment at 7.8%, compared to an EU average of 9.2% and lower than 14 other EU countries including France (10.0%), Ireland (13.0%) and Spain (19.3%), as well as the US (10.2%) and Canada (8.6%).† Commenting on the latest statistics, John Philpott, Chief Economist and Director of Public Policy at the CIPD, said: â€Å"UK unemployment is continuing to rise but at a much slower pace than earlier in the year. While this is not unexpected the fact that the unemployment total remained below 2.5 million in the quarter ending in September is encouraging. However, the relative improvement should not be interpreted as evidence that the labour market is returning to health, with male unemployment and long-term unemployment continuing to rise and youth unemployment now at a record rate despite a surge in the number of young people staying on in education to avoid the dole. â€Å"Unemployment remained below 2.5 million in the three months to September primarily because there was a rise in part-time employment, temporary employment and contract working, the latter boosting self-employment. This more than offset a continued marked deterioration in full-time jobs for employees. Such a pattern is common in a labour market where overall demand for staff is weak and – as the Bank of England reiterated today in its latest quarterly Inflation Report – the economic outlook uncertain, with the road to recovery likely to be slow. At such times employers who need to recruit remain wary of hiring full-time staff and it is significant that today’s ONS figures do not show an improvement in the level of job vacancies. This pattern is also normally accompanied by a high rate of involuntary part-time working – there are now almost 1 million people working part-time because they can’t find a full-time job. â€Å"Women continue to be the main beneficiaries of a labour market where opportunities for part-time employment are increasing, while men lose out as full-time jobs are being lost. As a result the CIPD expects the rate of male unemployment to rise well above 10% in 2010, with the proportion of men in work set to fall to a record low. â€Å"The current pattern of demand for labour is also doing nothing to ease the plight of young people. The latest quarter saw a further large fall in the number of under-25s in work, with the unemployment rate for 18-24 year olds now at a record high. There is little consolation in the fact that the number of unemployed young people remained below 1 million. This is explained by a quarterly surge in the number of young people classed as ‘economically inactive’, which the ONS figures indicate is mainly due to more young people staying on at school or college, almost certainly as an alternative to the dole.† This article deals with unemployment in the UK. A person can be considered unemployed when he is involuntarily out of work, however is willing to work at current wage rates. One of the government’s main goals is to achieve full employment, where all people who are able and willing, are working. This is extremely beneficial for the economy because it can be considered working at maximum efficiency, which causes growth and development. A good way to illustrate a countries economy taking into account unemployment would be to use a PPF. The production possibility frontier is the orange line where the economy is working at full efficiency (full employment), using all of its resources. Point X is when the economy is not using all of its resources, and has people unemployed. http://i.investopedia.com/inv/dictionary/terms/ppf.gif Structural unemployment is a possible reason for the large decrease of workers. This specific type of unemployment focuses mainly on the loss of jobs under the condition that the demand for a certain product falls, or there is a shift of production abroad. In the category of disequilibrium unemployment, Demand deficient (Cyclical) Unemployment is most likely the number one cause for the UK’s labour force being downsized. Due to the global recession, consumers can afford less goods and services, therefore the aggregate demand decreases significantly (hence the name – demand deficient). If the demand for production has substantially fallen, then naturally the demand for labour will also fall. Demand deficient unemployment can be illustrated using a diagram. Due to the fall in the D of goods and services, demand for labour shifts inwards from D1 to D2. With this, disequilibrium unemployment occurs with the number of workers shifting from Q1 to Q2. When demand for labour is strong, companies don’t hesitate to rise wages, although when demand for labour falls, and wages need to be cut, workers will resist wage cuts, therefore it is very hard for the company to cut wages for a large amount of workers without causing some kind disturbance or complications within the firm. If the company does chose to do this, the labour force will become angry and will want to retaliate somehow, perhaps going on strike. Due to a situation like this, parts of the company will not be producing/working, resulting in inefficiency. Aside from that, it will be very hectic, attracting negative attention from consumers and media, which is of course the company’s last need. In conclusion, the company will not be in control, when this is in fact their main priority, to sustain the stability and optimal working functionality. That is why the company prefers to downsize workers, and keep themselves running as best and as efficiently as possible. In order to deal with demand deficient unemployment the government should impose fiscalor monetary policies to raise aggregate demand and thus raise the demand for jobs. In the short run, when the AD shifts to the right (from AD1 to AD2) this causes and increase in real GDP (shift from Q1 to Q2 and P1 to P2). If AD would continue to grow in the short run, the country would reach a maximum supply. This constant struggle for the country to meet AD by increasing output would cause inflation instead of growth. However if the pressure is relatively small in the SR (short run) then it would be much easier to deal with AD in the LR. Supply side policies are government policies designed to increase output, and should also be imposed in order to cope with unemployment. Using a LRAS (long run aggregate supply) diagram is a good way to show the effects of supply side policies. If the Government were to impose supply side policies, the LRAS curve would shift right from LRAS1 – LRAS2. The price would then fall from P1 to P2 and the quantity (output + jobs) would increase from Q1 to Q2. Conclusivley the Government should investigate the best strategy to decrease unemployment. By imposing appropriate regulations and policies.

Conflicts in the work of teams are inevitable since

Conflicts in the work of teams are inevitable since team members will undoubtedly find themselves in contradiction over the nature of work and ways it can be done in the best possible way. In teams involving members with culturally diverse backgrounds, the challenge of conflict management will be even greater.These people will rely on â€Å"different conflict norms, different conflict styles, and different conflict rhythms† (Ting-Toomey, 1999). Therefore, the training program for cross-cultural supervisors has to involve issues related to cross-cultural management and its relationship to conflicts. The consideration of the following two cases can be a useful guide to managing cross-cultural conflict in organizational teamwork.Situation 1This situation arose in a team that included a Chinese, three Americans, and an Indian employee. The five worked pretty comfortably together until a certain point. However, it was soon found out that one of the Americans regularly involved in p reparing reports for the Chinese man was not happy with his obligations. It turned out that the Chinese man expected him to do more than was accepted in other departments in preparation of similar reports.The Chinese naturally relied on the American to do it because they were friends. However, Jon (the American employee) was soon tired of doing extra work for someone without getting recognition for the project. At first he tried to be nice, but soon rebelled, which resulted in a nasty scene between the two.In this case, the conflict was the result of both cultural and personal differences. Both were unprepared to handle similar situations and perhaps uncertain of their exact responsibilities in the project.The Chinese employee, coming from a highly collectivist culture, expected friends to help even if it meant serious effort investment on his side. The American, on his part, was bound by the cultural notion that one has to be nice and helpful in professional surroundings. The typic al response of an open US business culture would be to vent unwillingness right away. Jon, because of his personal character, did not share his feelings only to rebel later on.In this case, the team leader solved the problem in a ‘global’ way. He realized that part of the problem was the loose definition of boundaries between employees’ respective responsibilities, which caused confusion. So, all five team members took time to sort out their duties in an effective way.The team leader also proposed a strategy for handling conflict, suggesting that issues be brought up immediately and discussed in the open. To stress this effort, he proposed to organize a team get-together every Friday night where he encouraged employees to confront each other with problematic issues in a friendly atmosphere. This communication strategy seems effective as long as employees are enthusiastic about the initiative.Situation 2The second situation involved a Native American employee in a team supervised by a Western European manager. The problems started right from the time when the team was put together. The Native American employee, aged 32, came from an impoverished reservation background, and learned his computing skills after moving to the city at the age of 23. Being naturally smart, he soon became an expert in his field.However, he had a distinct problem with time management: never submitted reports on time, tended to complete assignments in a haphazard manner, and in general worked in the â€Å"fits and starts† mode. This served him well in an IT company where he was previously employed. However, the new project manager of mixed Dutch-German origin was not at all pleased with the new employee.The source of the conflict was a distinctly different understanding of time by European and Native American culture (LeBaron, 2003). Time was less important in the understanding of the Native American employee. It was a continuum involving past and present and s tretching into the future, rather than the dominant present with its strict deadlines and pressures. Another contributing factor was the European manager’s lack of intercultural experience.He had hardly ever worked abroad before the assignment and certainly never dealt with indigenous cultures. Added to the ethnic culture clash was the conflict of cultures supported by different industries. IT companies are known for their relaxed employee attitudes, while manufacturing to which the IT specialist transferred is less relaxed.

Deadly Tubercolosis Essays

Deadly Tubercolosis Essays Deadly Tubercolosis Paper Deadly Tubercolosis Paper Despite predictions earlier this century that infectious diseases would soon be eliminated as a public health problem (Burnet, 1963), infectious diseases remain a leading cause of illness and death in the United States. The incidence of tuberculosis, which was presumably under control has increased in several urban areas throughout the country. Furthermore, control and prevention of the disease have been undermined by drug resistance as well as lack of federal funding. The homeless population is of particular concern as they are often immunocompromised, underserved, and disenfranchised from the traditional medical system. As a result, tuberculosis is most prevalent in cities among homeless individuals and has suffered from a twenty percent increase since 1985 (Bloom, 1995). Combined with the HIV epidemic and increased intravenous drug use, tuberculosis has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among homeless populations as a reemerging killer. Currently, a combination of five primary drugs are used for chemoprophylaxis, as drug resistant bacteria have made single drug treatments obsolete. However, social and residential instability in homeless persons are a major obstacle in completion of the drug treatment. The most effective plan to ensure administration of medication is the use of Directly Observed Therapy, which calls for health care workers and volunteers to visit patients at shelters to visually confirm administration. DOT not only prevents the transmission of tuberculosis, but also combats the spread of multi-drug resistant strains of the bacteria. In studies done is several cities, DOT has been shown increase the number of completed regimens by over forty percent (Iseman, 1993). Nonetheless, despite DOT’s success, federal funding for such programs remains grossly inadequate. As a result, there has been widespread change and expansion of health policies in many major cities. Investigations into the policies of three major U. S. cities (New York, San Francisco, Chicago ) have presented the current state of tuberculosis treatment amongst the homeless. Information about the disease and its epidemiology was first obtained through articles found in the library. The general history of public health policy against the disease was then also researched in published articles found in the library and on the internet. The current programs in each respective city were then researched by accessing the city’s department of public health homepages on the internet and by calling faculty in the departments for specific information. The results of the research into the policies of the cities is as follows. New York is hardest hit by the reemergence of the disease, and suffers four times as many cases as other major cities. Due to the sheer size of the homeless population, the New York City Department of Health has issued a â€Å"Comissioner’s Order for Directly Observed Therapy† (CODOT) to ensure the expansion of the treatment in highly infectious areas such as homeless shelters. As a last resort, patients may even be detained until an adequate course of treatment is completed. An additional organization has been created: The Education and Training Unit. Conceived by the Bureau of tuberculosis control, health care providers perform â€Å"grand rounds†, visiting the many shelters throughout the city to diagnose potential cases and educate the homeless and shelter staff members. The city’s health department may also be noted for its extensive use of formerly homeless volunteers to execute policies. Although San Francisco’s population is much smaller than other major cities, it has the fifth highest tuberculosis rate in the country. The city’s Health Care for the Homeless program has extended PPD skin testing in homeless shelters and food lines. In addition, to increase patient compliance, patients under the DOT program receive transportation vouchers and food which act as incentives to complete the therapy. In 1992, Health Care for the Homeless instituted a respite program in several shelters where homeless persons with tuberculosis were allowed to rest and recuperate while medications were monitored. The health policy of Chicago against tuberculosis serves as the paradigm for effective eradication of the disease within a city. The disease has reached an all time low in 1996, due mostly to the city’s aggressive implementation of DOT. Backed by the CDC, DOT was made the standard for all tuberculosis cases encountered in the homeless population in 1993. Officials estimate that it has prevented over 550 cases, saving 7. 5 million dollars in hospital costs. The Metropolitan Chicago TB Coalition was also founded to help mobilize public and private resources to control the disease. The project brought forth an indepth look at the current policies of some major U. S. cities against tuberculosis, and exposed some general trends therein. It is clear that DOT is the only effective way to prevent transmission of the disease as well as the development of multi-drug resistant strains of the bacteria. Moreover, federal funding for these programs seems to be lacking, which has led some cities to create their own funding organizations. Tuberculosis has begun to be recognized as an epidemic among homeless populations, and projects such as this have helped to alert the public health community to this disease. There a few clearly needed improvements in public health policy against tuberculosis. Firstly, an increase in federal funding is imperative to the extension of DOT therapy. In addition, there is a great need for increased man-power in the homeless areas, and a need for more education amongst the homeless and their providers. Additional projects could explore specific aspects of public health policy such as the acquisition and allocation of funding, or the development of educational programs in the community and their actual effectiveness in preventing the spread of the disease. Upon completing the project, we have found that the deliverance of health care to the homeless is less about management and planning than logistics. The ability to provide treatment.

Inequality in the Workplace essays

Inequality in the Workplace essays Is it fair that men make more money than women do, even though they both have the same qualifications? Is it fair that women are less likely than men to get promoted are? Is it fair that women start at lower positions in the work place than men do? Discrimination in the work place is hindering gender relations in todays modern society. Women are getting fed up with always being treated unfairly by the employers. They feel that employers should base their decision on who can do the better job, not who is the male and who is the female. Hiring, promotion, and salaries are the three main factors that separate the men from the women in the work place. In hiring, men are much more likely to get a job than women are. Although in the last 10 to 15 years, women have gradually closed the gaps. In 1974, 14 to 25% of women earned bachelor degrees in computer and mathematical science. While in 1989, the women that earned the same degrees were 33 to 37% of the graduates. (Frenkel, 1990) Now, because the percentage of bachelor degrees has increased during that period, you would think that the hiring increase would be the same. Well, the hiring of women has only increased about 5%. So, are employers really looking for who gets hired with what degree or is it irrelevant? I feel that for the most part, employers do look at the accomplishments of a future employee, regardless of gender. In the past, that might have been different, but today, an employer would hire a more highly skilled women worker, than an average male worker. I think employers have a sort of obligation to hire the women. The companies sometimes feel that if they dont hire enough women, a discrimination suit could arise and that would hurt not only the company financially, but their reputation as well. In almost every industry, women occupy a very small proportion of the higher-level positions. For example, a 1988 study found that only three CEOs among...